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^ EIGHTEEN PRESIDENTS "^ ' "" t 



AND 



Contemporaneous Rulers. 



Wi A^TAYLOR. 



C: 









SECOND EDITION: REVISED AND ENLARGED. 



PITTSBURGH : 

Published by the Author. 

1876. 



Enc 



"lA- 



COPYRIGHTED ACCORDING TO LAW, BY 

W. A. TAYLOR, 

IN THE OFFICE OF THE LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS. 



Stereotyped and Printed by 
SINGERLY PRESS, Harrisburg. 



PREFACE. 



While it is not proposed in this volume to give all the 
political measures that came up for the consideration of the 
various Administrations from the Presidency of George Wash- 
ington down to the present, or, in fact, attempt a political 
history of the various Administrations, it gives all the statistics 
relating to the Presidential office, with accurate biographical 
notes of all the incumbents and aspirants for the offices of 
President and Vice-President, as well as of every statesman 
connected with each Administration ; a complete list of all 
the Cabinet Ministers, Cabinet changes, etc.; the vote for 
President and Vice-President at every election, besides a large 
amount of other statistical information, compiled from the 
official records, relating directly, as well as indirectly, to 
the Presidency and the contemporaneous rulers of the principal 
nations of Europe, such as is to be found in no other published 
work. 

W. A. Taylor. 

Pittsburgh, Pa., May, 1876. 

3 



ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 



The author takes this method of acknowledging the courtesy 
of Hon. Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State ; Hon. Benj. H. 
Bristow, Secretary of the Treasury 3 Hon. Alphonso Taft, 
Secretary of War j Hon. Geo. M. Robeson, Secretary of the 
Navy; Hon. Zachariah Chandler, Secretary of the Interior; 
Hon. Edwards Pierrepont, Attorney-General ; Hon. Marshall 
Jewell, Postmaster-General ; and Hon. A. R. Spofford, Libra- 
rian of Congress, for facilities furnished from their depart- 
ments in the preparation of this work. 

4 






CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

The Centennial Anniversary 1 1 

Administration of George Washington : 

First Term ^ i^ 

Second Term i y 

Administration of John Adams 21 

Administration of Thgmas Jefferson : 

First Term ^ 27 

Second Term 29 

Administration of James Madison : 

First Term 33 

Second Term ■54 

Administration of James Monroe : 

First Term ^6 

Second Term . . 40 

Administration John Quincy Adams , 43 

Administration of Andrew Jackson : 

First Term 46 

Second Term 50 

Administration of Martin Van Buren 55 

Administration of William Henry Harrison 59 

Administration of John Tyler 6^ 

Administration of James Knox Polk , 67 

Administration of Zachary Taylor 71 

Administration of Millard Fillmore 75 

Administration of Franklin Pierce 79 



CONTENTS, 8 

Administration of James Buchanan 83 

Administration of Abraham Lincoln : 

First Term 86 

Second Term 90 

Administration of Andrew Johnson 92 

Administration of Ulysses Sidney Grant : 

First Term 99 

Second Term loi 

How our Presidents were Elected 105 

Contemporaneous Rulers 109 

Table of Presidents and Vice-Presidents 115 

Table of Contemporaneous Rulers 118 

List of Cabinet Ministers 119 

Chief Justices Supreme Court 128 

Presidents Continental Congress 129 

Signers Declaration of Independence 130 

First and Forty-Fourth Congresses 132 

Declaration of Independence 142 

Constitution of the United States 1 46 




EIGHTEEN PRESIDENTS 

AWD 

CONTEMPORANEOUS RULERS. 



I. 

Inasmuch as we are now upon the eve of a grand Cen- 
tennial celebration of the One Hundredth Anniversary of our 
Independence Day, which will occur on the Fourth of July, 
1876, a brief review of our past history, as regards those who 
have ruled us during the century, cannot but be appropriate. 

Thirteen years after the date of our ''Declaration," having 
established a Constitution, which superseded our Articles of 
Confederation — which though not ''without form" were very 
nearly "void," as far as their injunctions and requisitions on 
the States were regarded — thirteen years after the '< Declara- 
tion," our first President was inaugurated. As the present 
incumbent will be President until the 4th of March, 1877, and 
continue in office during the Centennial period, it is proposed 
to briefly sketch each of our eighteen Chief Magistrates, who 
they were, how they were "armed and equipped" for their 
great offices, and how each obtained his distinguished honors ; 
with brief reference, by way of parallel, to the contempora- 
neous rulers of the leading powers of Europe. 

II 



12 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

It would seem that the hereditary rulers of the Old World, 
about the time we had, through eight years of suffering and 
sacrifice, and the life-blood of thousands of brave men, secured 
the right to select our own rulers, were worse than the average 
of those who claim to rule by divine right. 

In a letter written in 1810, Mr. Jefferson, who was in Paris 
during the French Revolution, and whose active and compre- 
hensive mind was able to take in the most complete view of the 
situation, when the thrones began to totter, thus sketches the 
reigning sovereigns of Europe when the agitation in France 
began : 

' ' I often amused myself with contemplating the characters 
of the then reigning sovereigns of Europe. Louis XVI. was a 
fool, of my own knowledge, and despite the answers made for 
him at his trial. The King of Spain was a fool, and of Naples 
the same. They passed their lives in hunting, and dispatched 
two couriers a week one thousand miles, to let each other 
know what game they had killed the preceding days. The 
King of Sardinia was a fool. All these were Bourbons. The 
Queen of Portugal, a Braganza, was an idiot by nature. And 
so was the King of Denmark. Their sons, as Regents, exer- 
cised the powers of government. The King of Prussia, son 
of the Great Frederick, was a mere hog in body as well as in 
mind. Gustavus of Sweden, and Joseph of Austria, were 
really crazy, and George of England, you know, was in a 
straight waistcoat. [His son was made Regent after this was 
written.] There remained, then, none but old Catharine (of 
Russia), who had been too lately picked up to have lost her 
common sense. In this state Bonaparte found Europe, and it 
was this state of its rulers that lost it with scarcely a struggle." 

The catalogue was no doubt truthfully given, and we must 
admit that the list on which old ''Catharine" stands at the 
head, could not be very remarkable for either good morals, 
talents, or education. But for the present we shall consider 
our own rulers. 




GEORGE WASHINGTON. 



I GEORGE WASHINGTON, 



1789-1793. 



George Washington was born on the Potomac River, in 
Westmoreland County, Virginia, February 22, 1732. -His 
education was secured at the ordinary schools in the vicinity, 
and he never entered college. In early manhood he followed 
civil engineering. He was made a Lieutenant-Colonel of 
militia in 1754, and accompanied Braddock in his expedition 
against Fort Duquesne in 1755. In the same year he was 
made Commander-in-Chief of the Military forces of the 
Colony of Virginia. He was married to Mrs. Martha Custis, 
in January, 1759, and resigned his military commission. 
June 15, 1775, ^6 was unanimously elected by the Conti- 
nental Congress as Commander-in-Chief of the revolutionary 
forces, and assumed command July 2, 1775, and held the 
supreme military command throughout the revolutionary strug- 
gle. In May, 1787, he was unanimously chosen President of 
the Convention that met to frame a Constitution. In 1788 
and in 1792 he was unanimously chosen President of the 
United States, and declined a third election. He died at 
Mt. Vernon, December 14, 1799. 

15 



jg LIVES OF THE PBE8IDENTIS, 

With George Washington for our first President, we began 
our new experiment in the manner of choosing rulers, taking 
the surest possible mode, as all the world then thought, of 
selecting the "fittest." 

That Washington was the best fitted man then living for the 
place to which he was called, there are none now so captious 
as to dispute. Those who questioned whether he did the best 
that could be done, either as Commander-in-Chief, or as Presi- 
dent, were silenced and borne down by the grandeur, dignity, 
and severe justice of his character and the great results of his 
administration, and the bitter things men said of him, when 
remembered at all, are regretted and forgiven. If ever a man 
tried to be impartial, and act without passion and partizanship 
in public affairs, that man was George Washington. He cer- 
tainly was a measureless height above any Chief Magistrate or 
Ruler of any other country contemporary with him. There is 
no doubt that he was a Federalist in politics — that he believed 
that* the preponderance of power should be in the Central 
Government — but he had presided over the Convention which 
framed the Constitution — he knew the feelings, purposes, 
and desires of the members, and, while he feared that our plan 
of government was, perhaps, an experiment that would fail, he 
would have given, as he said in calm determination, his "last. 
drop of blood" to ensure it a fair trial. 

His personal dignity ; his laborious and attentive official 
habits; his severe economy in the expenditure of the public 
moneys ; his detestation of favoritism and nepotism ; his con- 
tempt for those who ' ' crooked the pregnant hinges of the knee 
that thrift might follow fawning," all marked him as possessing 
the qualities needed for the first President of the United States, 
in the then peculiar condition of their internal policy, of their 
treasury, and of their relations to the world at large ; and emi- 
nently the man to set a fit and commanding example to all his 
successors so long as the Republic shall continue to exist. 
The whole number of electoral votes, sixty-nine, were cast 



GEORGE WASHINGTON. If 

for Washington for President; and John Adams was chosen 
Vice-President without any opposition. The first Cabinet se- 
lected by President Washington was as follows : 

Secretary of State — Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Alexander Hamilton, of New 
York. 

Secretary of War — Henry Knox, of^Massachusetts. 

Attorney-General — Edmund Randolph, of Virginia. 

Postmaster-General — Samuel Osgood, of Massachusetts. 

There were no cabinet changes during Washington's first 
administration. 



11. GEORGE WASHINGTON, 



>793-'797- 



In 1792 Washington was a candidate for a second term of 
the Presidency, while John Adams and George Clinton, of 
New York, were aspirants for the second place. Washington 
received all the electoral votes cast, one hundred and thirty- 
two, and Adams received seventy-seven, Clinton fifty, and five 
scattering votes. 

Shortly after the beginning of his second administration 
there was a reorganization of the Cabinet. Thomas Jefferson 
differed with Alexander Hamilton on matters of policy, and 
resigned in consequence on the 31st of December, 1793. The 
new Cabinet was as follows : 

Secretary of State — Edmund Randolph, of Virginia. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Alexander Hamilton, of New 
York. 

Secretary of War — Henry Knox, of Massachusetts. 



18 



LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 



Attorney-General — William Bradford, of Pennsylvania. 

Postmaster-General — Timothy Pickering, of Massachusetts. 

The Postmaster-General was not a Cabinet minister until the 
time of Jackson's first Administration. At the close of the year 
1 794 General Knox resigned, and was succeeded by Timothy 
Pickering, January 2, 1795. Joseph Habersham, of Georgia, 
was made Postmaster-General. On the 31st of January, 1795, 
Hamilton resigned, and was succeeded by Oliver Wolcott. At 
the same time Randolph resigned, and Timothy Pickering 
became Secretary of State, and James McHenry, of Maryland, 
beca^le Secretary of War. Bradford died in 1795, and was 
succeeded by Charles Lee. This changed the entire com- 
plexion of the Cabinet, in fact constituted a new one, which at 
the close of the term was as follows : 

Secretary of State — Timothy Pickering, of Massachusetts. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Oliver Wolcott, of Connecticut. 

Secretary of War — James McHenry, of Maryland. 

Attorney-General — Charles Lee, of Virginia. 

Postmaster- General — Joseph Habersham, of Georgia. 





JOHN ADAMS. 



III. JOHN ADAMS. 



1797-1801. ^ 



John Adams was born in Baintree, Massachusetts, October 
^9? 1735- He graduated at Harvard College in 1755, ^^^^> 
abandoning the idea of becoming a minister of the gospel, was 
admitted to the bar in 1758. He was one of the delegates first 
sent to the Continental Congress from Massachusetts. He was 
made President of the Board of War in 1776, and went to 
France as a Commissioner in 1777. He was sent as Minister 
to negotiate a treaty of peace and commerce with England in 
1779. He was Minister to Holland in 1780, and was one of 
the four Commissioners, viz., Adams, Franklin, Jay, and 
Laurens, that concluded the treaty of peace with England, 
November 30, 1782. He was Minister to England from May, 
1785, until the spring of 1788. He died at Quincy, Massa- 
chusetts, July 4, 1826. 

Other men, perhaps, did as much as he to light the revolu- 
tionary flame and feed it with the substantial fuel of solid and 
profound and polished argument, but none labored more con- 
stantly and effectively. He was a scholar, a statesman, and an 
orator of the first attainments. 

21 



22 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

Whether painful experience of the loose, ill-settled and 
worse observed sanctions of the Articles of Confederation, or 
froiii a limited confidence in the capacity of man for self- 
government, or from both these causes combined, he honestly 
believed that the Federal power should predominate over State 
in almost everything, and he spared no pains, while he was 
President, to make the strong hand of the central government 
felt everywhere. 

His interpretation of the Presidential duty was rejected by 
the people, and if he made the Federal power to be feared 
during his term, he also provoked toward it general resist- 
ance and detestation. But apart from the tendency to 
encourage the perhaps too rapid acquisition of a national 
naval armament, his administration was not extravagant. 
And while he yielded less to the popular demand for power 
than Jefferson, he never looked upon the people as proper 
subjects for pecuniary speculation and spoliation. 

He went down because his theory of administering the 
government was not popular — his administration was certainly 
vigorous — and beheving that the British Constitution was 
the best form of government ever devised by the wit of man 
— and preferring the British nation to his own, his partiality 
to that country, its people, and its government, was so marked 
as to call forth much censure upon Mr. Adams and his ad- 
ministration. 

The first contest for the Presidency occurred in 1796, 
Adams being the Federal candidate, and Thomas Jefferson 
being the Republican or Democratic candidate. Thomas C. 
Pinckney and Aaron Burr were the candidates for Vice- 
President. The issue between the two parties, then being 
clearly defined, was the limitation of the powers of the govern- 
ment — Adams and the Federal party favoring the concentra- 
tion of power in the hands of the general government, and 
Jefferson and the Democrats opposing. 

Until the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment to the Con- 



J OIIN A DA 3IS. 23 

stitution in 1804, the person receiving the highest number 
of electoral votes, being a majority of the whole, was elected 
President, and the next highest, Vice-President. The result 
of the election was : 

John Adams, . . . . 71 votes. 

Thomas Jefferson, . . . , 6g " 

Thomas C. Pinckney, . . . 59 " 

Aaron Burr, . . . . . 30 ** 

Scattering, . . . . 48 *' 

The vote by States was as follows : For Adams — New 
Hampshire, 6; Vermont, 4; Massachusetts, 16 ; Rhode Island, 
4; Connecticut, 9; New York, 12; New Jersey, 7; Penn- 
sylvania, I ; Delaware, 3 ; Maryland, 7 ; Virginia, i ; North 
Carolina, i . For Jefferson — Pennsylvania, 1 4 ; Maryland, 4 ; 
Virginia, 20 ; North Carolina, 1 1 ; South Carolina, 8 ; 
Georgia, 4 ; Tennessee, 3 ; Kentucky, 4. 

The result was that Adams became President, and Jefferson 
Vice-President. President Adams retained Washington's 
Cabinet as follows : 

Secretary of State — Timothy Pickering, of Massachusetts. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Oliver Wolcott, of Connecticut. 

Secretary of War — James McHenry, of Maryland. 

Secretary of the Navy (new dept.) — Benjamin Stpddart. 

Attorney-General — Charles Lee, of Virginia. 

Postmaster-General — Joseph Habersham, of Georgia. 

George Cabot, of Massachusetts, acted as Secretary of the 
Navy from May 3 to May 21, 1798. 

From the beginning of President Adams' term there was no 
harmony existing between him and Secretaries Pickering and 
McHenry, and on the first day of May, 1800, they were 
abruptly dismissed. John Marshall, of Virginia, was chosen 
to the State, and Samuel Dexter, of Massachusetts, to the War 
Department. On the 31st of December, 1800, Oliver Wol- 
cott resigned the Treasury, and Mr. Dexter filled his place. 
Toward the close of the year 1800, Mr. Adams' Cabinet was, 
therefore, as follows : 



24 



LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS, 



Secretary of State— John Marshall, of Virginia. 

Secretary of the Treasury— Samuel Dexter, of Massachusetts. 

Secretary of War — Samuel Dexter (acting). 

Secretary of the Navy— Benjamin Stoddert, of Maryland. 

Attorney-General— Charles Lee, of Virginia. 

Postmaster-General— Joseph Habersham, of Georgia. 




^cm 




THOMAS JEFFERSON. 



IV. THOMAS JEFFERSON, 



801-1805 



Thomas Jefferson was born at Shadwell, Virginia, April 
2, 1743. He graduated from William and Mary College, 
and adopted the profession of the law. He became a member 
of the Continental Congress June 21, 1775. In 1776 he 
wrote the Declaration of Independence. He was elected 
Governor of Virginia in 1779; became a member of Con- 
gress in 1783; was Minister-Plenipotentiary in 1784, and 
Minister to France in 1785. Died at Monticello, July 4, 
1826. 

Mr. Jefferson came into power after a severe contest, in 
which, owing to the machinations of the bad and brilliant 
Aaron Burr, he succeeded by one vote only, although but 
for Burr's defection he would have had a decided majority. 
He represented those who claimed that the preponderance 
of power should be retained by the States and the State 
governments, in preference to centralizing it at the Federal 
metropolis ; that the people would have a more strict 
accountability from their agents, the closer those agents were 
to those whom they served; that nothing should be done 
by the Federal authority that could be done by the people 
in townships, cities, or States. 

27 



28 LIVE8 OF THE PBE8IDENTJS. 

Mr. Jefferson had given the entire labor of his life and 
of his great abilities to the popular "home rule" side of 
this then novel theory of government. Although bred to 
the law, he was more of a statesman, thinker, and writer 
than his predecessor, Mr. Adams, whose great force lay in 
his eloquence and legal learning. Besides the famous 
"Declaration of Independence," his contributions to the 
statute books and Constitutions, both in his own State and 
in the United States, are rich in legacies of his learning, 
and his profound and ingenious intellect. 

He was a man of varied and extraordinary acquirements 
— his forecast was wonderful — and whoever has read his 
predictions as to certain measures of government, and par 
ticularly as to the result of African slavery in this country, 
will be struck with wonder at his prophetic wisdom. 

The issue in 1800 was again the limitation of the powers 
of the Federal government, Jefferson and Burr being the 
Democratic candidates, and John Adams and Charles C. 
Pinckney being the Federal candidates. The following was 
the electoral vote : 

Thomas Jefferson, . . . . 73 votes. 

John Adams, . . . . . 65 " 

Aaron Burr, . . . . . 73 " 

Charles C. Pinckney, , . . . 64 " 

The vote by States was : For Jefferson — New York, 1 2 ; 
Pennsylvania, 8; Maryland, 5; Virginia, 21; North Caro- 
lina, 8; South Carolina, 8; Georgia, 4; Tennessee, 3; 
Kentucky, 4. Burr received the same vote. For Adams — 
New Hampshire, 6; Vermont, 4; Massachusetts, 16; Rhode 
Island, 4 ; Connecticut, 9 ; New Jersey, 7 ; Pennsylvania, 7 ; 
Delaware, 3 ; Maryland, 5 ; North Carolina, 4. The tie 
between Jefferson and Burr made it necessary for the House 
of Representatives to elect a President, which it did- in the 
session of 1 800-1, on the 36th ballot, Mr. Burr being chosen 
Vice-President. But his attempts to reach the Presidency lost 
him the confidence and respect of his party. This danger 



THOMAS JEFFERSON. 29 

was SMbsequently removed by the Twelfth Amendment to 
the Constitution. Messrs. Stoddert and Dexter were retained 
for a short time in Mr. Jefferson's Cabinet, which was finally 
organized as follows : 

Secretary of State — James Madison, of Virginia. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Albert Gallatin, of Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Secretary of War — Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts. 

Secretary of the Navy — Robert Smith, of Maryland. 

Attorney-General — Levi Lincoln, of Massachusetts. 

Postmaster- General — Gideon Granger, of Georgia. 



V. THOMAS JEFFERSON, 



805 — 1809. 



Thomas Jefferson was a candidate for re-election in 1804, 
with George Clinton, who was born at Newark, New Jersey, 
in February, 1756, and died in New York, 1836, for Vice- 
President. The Federal candidate for President was Charles 
C, Pinckney, born at Charleston, South Carolina, February, 
1746, died at the same place in 1825. Rufus King was the 
Federal candidate for Vice-President. The issue between the 
two parties was substantially the same as at the previous elec- 
tion. The result of the election was : 

Thomas Jefferson, . . . .162 votes. 

Charles C. Pinckney, . . . 14 " 

George Clinton, . . . . 162 *^ 

Rufus King, . . . . 14 *' 

The vote by States was : For Jefferson — New Hampshire, 

7; Vermont, 6; Massachusetts, 19; Virginia, 24; Rhode Island, 

4; New York, 19; New Jersey, 8; Pennsylvania, 20; Maryland, 

9; North Carolina, 14; South Carolina, 10; Georgia, 6; Ten- 



30 



LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 



nessee, 5; Kentucky, 8; Ohio, 3. For Pinckney — Connecti- 
cut, 9; Delaware, 3; Maryland, 2. President Jefferson's Cabi- 
net remained unchanged during his second administration, as 
follows : 

Secretary of State — James Madison, of Virginia. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Albert Gallatin, of Pennsylvania. 

Secretary of War — Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts. 

Secretary of the Navy — Robert Smith, of Maryland. 

Attorney-General — Levi Lincoln, of Massachusetts. 

Postmaster-General — Gideon Granger, of Georgia. 





JAMES MADISON. 



VI. JAMES MADISON, 



1809—1813, 



James Madison was born, in King George county, Virginia, 
March 16, 1751, and graduated from Princeton College in 
1 771, after which he studied law. Was elected to the Conti- 
nental Congress in 1779, also in 1786, and was a member of 
the Constitutional Convention. He served in Congress from 
1789 to 1797. He died at Montpelier, Virginia, June 28, 
1836. By his studies and experience, James Madison was emi- 
nently qualified for the Presidential office. He was, perhaps, 
the most attentive, laborious, and painstaking member of the 
Convention which framed the Constitution, and he well 
deserves the title of "Father of the Constitution." The only 
reliable and correct record of the proceedings of the Conven- 
tion was kept by him. Jefferson's Secretary of State for the 
entire term of eight years of his Presidential service, he was 
through life the trusted friend of the sage and seer of 
Monticello. 

The second war with Great Britain was agitated, declared, 
fought, and finished during his two terms, and the issue was 
considered triumphant by his own nation and by the world. 
He was a most careful ruler, and was even thought to be a 
timid one by certain dashing and demonstrative spirits, but he 
left behind him the reputation of an honest, wise, and compe- 
tent Chief Magistrate. 

James Madison was selected by the Democratic caucus 
of Congress for President, and George Clinton for Vice-Presi- 
c 33 



34 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

dent. Messrs. Charles C. Pinckney and Rufus King were the 
Federal candidates, with no material change in the political 
issues. The result of the election was : 

James Madison, . . . ,122 votes. 

Charles C. Pinckney, . . . . 47 " 

George Chnton, . . . . 113 " 

Rufus King, . . . . . 47 '* 

Scattering, . . . . . 9 " 

The following was the vote by States : For Madison — 
Vermont, 6; New York, 13; New Jersey, 8; Pennsylvania, 20; 
Maryland, 9; Virginia, 24; North Carolina, 11; South Caro- 
lina, 10; Georgia, 6; Tennessee^ 5; Kentucky, 7; Ohio, 3. 
For Pinckney — New Hampshire, 7; Massachusetts, 19; Rhode 
Island, 4 ; Connecticut, 9 ; Delaware, 3 ; Maryland, 2 ; North 
Carolina, 3. 

The Cabinet appointed by Mr. Madison was as follows : 
Secretary of State — Robert Smith, of Maryland. 
Secretary of the Treasury — Albert Gallatin, of Pennsylvania. 
Secretary of War — William Eustis, of Massachusetts. 
Secretary of the Navy — Paul Hamilton, of South Carolina. 
Attorney-General — Caesar A. Rodney, of Delaware. 
Postmaster-General — Gideon Granger, of Georgia. 
In November, 1811^ James Monroe succeeded Robert 
Smith in the State Department, and in December of the same 
year William Pinckney succeeded C. A. Rodney as Attorney- 
General. On the 12th of January, 1813, William Jones, of 
Pennsylvania, was made Secretary of the Navy in place of 
Hamilton, resigned, and Gen. John Armstrong, of New York, 
Secretary of War, in place of Eustis, resigned. 



VII. JAMES MADISON 

1813— 1817. 



The issues 01 the campaign of 181 2 grew directly out of the 
then pending war with Great Britain, the Democrats favoring 



J A MES MA DISON. 35 

and the Federalists opposing it. Elbridge Gerry, who was 
born in Massachusetts in 1744, and died in November, 181 4, 
while in office, was associated with Madison on the Democratic 
ticket. The Federal candidates were De Witt Clinton, born at 
Little Britain, Orange county. New York, March 2, 1769, and 
who died in February, 1828, at Albany, New York, and Jared 
IngersoU, of Pennsylvania, born in Connecticut in 1749, and 
who died at Philadelphia in 1822. The election resulted: 
James Madison, . . . .128 votes. 

De Witt CHnton, . •. • . . .89 '' 

Elbridge Gerry, . ■ . . 131 '' 

Jared IngersoU, . . . . d>6 ^^ 

By States the vote was : For Madison — Vermont, 8 ; Penn- 
sylvania, 25; Maryland, 6j Virginia, 25; North Carolina, 15 
South Carolina, 11; Georgia, 8; Louisiana, 3; Tennessee, 8 
Kentucky, 12; Ohio, 7. For Clinton — New Hampshire, 8 
Massachusetts, 22; Rhode Island, 4; Connecticut, 9; New 
York, 29; New Jersey, 8; Delaware, 4; xtiaryland, 5. 

During President Madison's second term there were a num- 
ber of cabinet changes. In February, 181 4, Gallatin resigned, 
and was succeeded by George W. Campbell, of Tennessee. 
Campbell resigned in September of the same year, as did 
Pinckney and Granger. In 181 4 the Cabinet was reorganized, 
as follows : 

Secretary of State — James Monroe, of Virginia. 
Secretary of the Treasury — Alexander J. Dallas, of Penn- 
sylvania. 

Secretary of War — Wm. H. Crawford, of Georgia 
Secretary of the Navy — Benj. W. Crowninshield, of Massa- 
chusetts. 

Attorney-General — Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania. 
Postmaster-General — Return J. Meigs, of Ohio. 



VIII. JAMES MONROE. 



1817 — 1821 



James Monroe was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, 
April 28, 1758, and was educated at William and Mary 
College. He first became a lieutenant in the army under 
Washington, and was wounded at Trenton, where he was 
promoted to be a captain. He served as aid to Lord Sterling 
until 1778, when he retired from the army and studied law 
with Jefferson. He was a member of the Continental Congress 
in 1783; was elected United States Senator in 1790; went as 
minister to France in 1794; Governor of Virginia from 1799 
to 1802 ; envoy to France for the purchase of Louisiana in 
1802 ; again Governor of Virginia, 1810; died in the city of 
New York, July 4, 1831. 

Mr. Monroe was elected and served his two terms during 
what was designated as "the era of good feeling" between the 
old and contending parties, but at the same time it was marked 
with a general depression of trade, manufactures, and general 
business, consequent upon the exhausting effects of the war. 
Mr. Monroe was in the public service, either in a military or 
civil capacity, almost constantly from the breaking out of the 
Revolutionary War. 

He entered the American army at the age of eighteen, 
studied law with Jefferson, with whom he continued in the 

36 




JAMES MONROE. 



JAMES MONROE. 39 

closest intimacy until Jefferson's decease. He was considered 
a safe and a successful, but not a brilliant statesman, and he 
had graduated at the feet of his two eminent predecessors. 

Thus far the Presidents had come from the active Revolu- 
tionary generation. Each of them had shared in the first 
struggle with Great Britain, and had borne a prominent part in 
it ; some of them were distinguished in the second contest with 
that power. They were all soldiers who had fought side by 
side in '' the cause of mankind," which the American Revolu- 
tion has always been truly called. They had battled for more 
than the mere ''Independence" of the country from Great 
Britain. They had founded and reared an entirely new system 
of government. 

Daniel D. Tompkins, born in New York, 1774, and died 
June, 1825, was on the Democratic ticket with Monroe. The 
Federal candidate was Rufus. King, born at Scarborough, 
Maine, 1775, ^^^ ^^^^ April, 1827. There was no Federal 
candidate for Vice-President. The election resulted : 

James Monroe, . . . .183 votes. 

Rufus King, . . . . 34 " 

D. D. Tompkins, . . . . 183 " 

Scattering, . . . . 34 '* 

The vote by States was : For Monroe — New Hampshire, 
8; Vermont, 8; Massachusetts, 4; New York, 29; New Jersey, 
8; Pennsylvania, 25; Maryland, 8; Virginia, 25; North Caro- 
lina, 15; South Carolina, 11 ; Georgia, 8; Louisiana, 3; Ten- 
nessee, 8; Kentucky, 12; Ohio, 8; Indiana, 3. For King — 
Massachusetts, 22; Connecticut, 9; Delaware, 3. 

President Monroe entered upon the duties of his office by 
appointing the following Cabinet: 

Secretary of State — John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Wm. H. Crawford, of Georgia. 

Secretary of War — John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina. 

Secretary of the Navy — Smith Thompson, of New York. 

Attorney-General — William Wirt, of Maryland. 

Postmaster-General — Return J. Meigs, of Ohio. 



40 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

Isaac Shelby, of Kentucky, was first tendered the office of 
Secretary of War, but declined. 



IX. JAMES MONROE. 



1821-1825 



In 1820 there was no opposition to President Monroe or 
Vice-President Tompkins. Monroe received the electoral vote 
(231) of every State except one vote in Massachusetts that was 
cast for John Quincy Adams. Mr. Tompkins received 218 
votes, and 14 were scattering. The only changes made in the 
Cabinet were Samuel L. Southard, of New Jersey, in place of 
Thompson, as Secretary of the Navy, and John McLean, of 
Ohio, in place of Meigs, as Postmaster-General. These 
changes were made December 9, 1823. 





JOBS QL'IXCY ADAMS. 



J a I n =g 




n M U 11^ /A,.iL, MB! »' »^' »'»r-siM 1 1 j » t^ 



X. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 



1825-1829. 



John Quincy Adams was born at Baintree, Massachusetts, 
July II, 1767. He was educated abroad, at Paris, Leyden, 
and Hague ; studied law, and was admitted in 1 791 ; was elected 
Senator from Massachusetts in 1803, and resigned in 1808; 
Minister to Russia in 1809 ; Minister to England from 1815 to 
181 7 ; served in Congress after his Presidential term; died at 
Washington, February 23, 1848. 

With Mr. Monroe, the old Revolutionary generation went 
out of the Presidency, and in 1825, John Quincy Adams, son 
of the second President, was inaugurated the sixth. His 
capacity to perform the duties of the office, we suppose, has 
never been seriously called in question. The companion and 
pupil of his father while he was a foreign minister, he learned 
the ways of diplomacy and of the chief magistracy as less 
favored men learn the profession by which they expect to gain 
their livelihood, their fortune, or their fame. 

He was the only one of our Presidents, indeed, who had 
served an ''apprenticeship" in the art and mystery of govern- 
ing a great nation. That he was proud of the rare distinction 
of having been promoted to the exalted place his father had 
occupied, there can be no doubt, and whatever men may think 
of the accident or the mamier of his advancement, or of the 

43 



44 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

remarkable and startling change of views that followed, none 
will dispute his acquaintance with the details of the duties he 
was called upon to perform, nor of his fair intentions to per- 
form his duty well. 

The bitter contest of 1825 was one for personal preferment, 
rather than of political issues, as all the candidates were sub- 
stantially Democrats. Its result was the formation of the 
Whig party as a distinctive organization, in the place of the 
Federal party, and with more liberal views. Four candidates 
were brought forward, and each was warmly upheld by his 
faction. They were Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee; John 
Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts; Wm. H. Crawford, of Geor- 
gia, and Henry Clay, of Kentucky. The result of the election 
was as follows : 

Andrew Jackson, . . . 99 votes. 

John Quincy Adams, . . . . 84 '* 

Wm. H. Crawford, . . . 41 " 

Henry Clay, . . . . • 37 " 

The vote by States was : For Jackson — New York, i ; New 
Jersey, 8; Pennsylvania, 28; Maryland, 7; North Carolina, 
15; South CaroHna, 11; Alabama, 5; Mississippi, 3; Louisi- 
ana, 3; Tennessee, 11 ; Indiana, 5; Illinois, 2. For Adams 
— Maine, 9 ; New Hampshire, 8 ; Vermont, 7 ; Massachusetts, 
15; Rhode Island, 4; Connecticut, 8; New York, 26; Dela- 
ware, i; Maryland, 3; Louisiana, 2; Illinois, i. For Craw- 
ford — New York, 5 ; Delaware, 2 ; Maryland, i ; Virginia, 24; 
Georgia, 9. For Clay — New York, 4; Kentucky, 14; Ohio, 
16 ; Missouri, 3. 

John C. Calhoun was elected Vice-President, receiving 182 
votes, Nathaniel Macon, of North Carolina, receiving 24, and 
Nathaniel Sandford, of New York, 30. There being no elec- 
tion for President, it devolved upon the House of Representatives 
to make a choice from the three highest. Mr. Clay gave his 
influence to Mr. Adams, and the latter was elected. Each 
State being entitled to one vote, the election in the House 
resulted as follows : Adams — Maine, New Hampshire, Ver- 



JOHN QUINOY AVA3fS. 



45 



mont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecflcut, New York, 
Maryland, Alabama, Kentucky, Ohio, Missouri, Louisiana— 
thirteen States. Jackson— New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South 
Carolina, Mississippi, Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois— seven 
States. Crawford — Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Dela- 
ware — four States. 

President Adams selected the following Cabinet, placing one 
of his competitors for the Presidency in the most responsible 
position. 

Secretary of State— Henry Clay, of Kentucky. 

Secretary of the Treasury— Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania. 

Secretary of War — James Barbour, of Virginia. 

Secretary of the Navy— Samuel L. Southard, of New Jersey. 

Attorney-General— William Wirt, of Maryland. 

Postmaster-General — John McLean, of Ohio. 

Wm. H. Crawford was offered the position of Secretary of 
the Treasury, but declined. In May, 1828, Mr. Barbour was 
appointed Minister to England, and on the 28th' of the same 
month, Peter B. Porter was made Secretary of War. 




XL ANDREW JACKSON, 



1S29-1333. 



Andrew Jackson was born in Waxhaw Settlement, North or 
South Carolina, March 15, 1767. His means of education 
were very limited. In 1788 he removed to Nashville, Ten- 
nessee, where he began the practice of law. He was elected a 
Representative in Congress, in 1796, and a Senator from Ten- 
nessee, in 1797; in 1798 he resigned his seat in the Senate; 
was a judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee, from 1798 to 
1804; held an important command in the army during. the 
war of 181 2, defeating the British at New Orleans; success- 
fully conducted the Seminole war in 181 7-1 8; appointed 
Governor of Florida, in 1821 ; died at the Hermitage, near 
Nashville, June 8, 1845. 

In 1828, after a political campaign of unprecedented bitter- 
ness, which had lasted for four years, Andrew Jackson was 
elected to the Presidency, and installed in office in 1829. He 
had been a law judge and a Senator of the United States. He 
had, during his entire life, taken an active interest in public 
affairs, as his letters to President Monroe and other writings 
and doings of his, abundantly show. But to this must be 
added the fame and prestige of a most successful military career, 
which marked him as one eminently fitted to be a ruler of men. 
His official period was signalized by the most exciting political 

46 




ANDRh W JACKSON. 



AN£>B£!W JACKSON. 49 

discussions, wherein he was always a central figure, showing 
that he was entitled to the honors of a successful leader in 
peace as well as in war. 

Jackson was the Democratic candidate for Presidency, and 
John C. Calhoun for the Vice-Presidency, while the then crys- 
talizing Whig party supported John Quincy Adams and 
Richard Rush of Pennsylvania. The election resulted : 

Andre Wjjackson, . . . 178 votes. 

John Quincy Adams, . . . 83 ^* 

John C. Calhoun, . . . 171 '« 

Richard Rush, . . . . S^ " 

Scattering (Wm. Smith, S. C), . 7 '« 

The following was the vote by States : For Jackson — Maine, 
I ; New York, 20 ; Pennsylvania, 28 ; Maryland, 5 ; Vir- 
ginia, 24; North Carolina, 15; South Carolina, 11; Georgia, 
9; Alabama, 5; Mississippi, 3; Louisiana, 5; Tennessee, 11; 
Kentucky, 14; Ohio, 16; Indiana, 5; Illinois, 3; Missouri, 
3. For Adams — Maine, 8 ; New Hampshire, 8 ; Vermont, 7 ; 
Massachusetts, 15; Rhode Island, %; Connecticut, 8; New 
York, 16; New Jersey, 8; Delaware, 3; Maryland, 6. 

President Jackson's Cabinet at the beginning of his first ad- 
ministration was constituted as follows : 

Secretary of State — Martin Van Buren, of New York. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Samuel D, Ingham, of Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Secretary of War — John H. Eaton, of Tennessee. 

Secretary of the Navy — John .Branch, of North Carolina. 

Attorney-General — John M. Berrien, of Georgia. 

Postmaster-General — Wm. T. Barry, of Kentucky. 

On the 7th and nth of April, 1831, Eaton and Van Buren 
resigned without assigning any reasons therefor. Two months 
later, Ingham and Branch resigned at the request of the Presi- 
dent, and Berrien, feeling himself reflected upon, sent in his 
resignation on the 15 th of June. This break in the Cabinet is 
attributed to the intrigues of Vice-President Calhoun. In 
1 83 1 the Cabinet was reorganized as follows : 



5Q LIVES OF THE rUESIDENTS. 

Secretary of State — Edward Livingston, of Louisiana. 
Secretary of the Treasury — Louis McLane, of Delaware. 
Secretary of War — Lewis Cass, of Ohio. 
Secretary of the Navy — Levi Woodbury, of New Hamp- 
shire. 

Attorney-General— Roger B. Taney, of Maryland. 
Postmaster-General — Amos Kendall, of Kentucky. 



XII. ANDREW JACKSON, 



•833-1837- 



The nomination of Presidential Candidates by ''conven- 
tions," as the term is now understood and applied, dates from 
the year 1832. At the "previous election, Jackson had been 
nominated by the Legislature of Tennessee and other States, as 
well as by several bodies of citizens and Conventions, but the 
first regularly constituted Convention of a party as an organized 
body, and fulfilling all the assumed functions of the old Con- 
gressional Caucus, met at Baltimore, on the 22d of May, 1832, 
and designated Jackson and Van Buren as the Democratic 
candidates. The Whig candidates, less " regularly" nominated, 
were Henry Clay, and John Sergeant of Pennsylvania, born 
at Philadelphia, 1779, and died in 1852. At the same time 
William Wirt, of Maryland, and Amos Ellmaker, of Penn- 
sylvania, were the anti-Masonic candidates. 

The leading issue of the campaign grew out of the ques- 
tion of the re-charter of the National Bank, the Whigs favoring 
and the Democrats opposing it. The following was the 
electoral vote cast : 

Andrew Jackson, . . . 219 votes. 

Henry Clay, , . » . 49 '< 



II ^ 


.^ot< 


7 




189 




49 




7 




30 





ANDREW JACKSON, 5I 

John Floyd, .... 

Wm. Wirt, . . * . 

Martin Van Buren, 

John Sergeant, 

Amos EUmaker, 

Scattering, ..... 

The State of South CaroUna refused to vote for either of the 
candidates, and gave her eleven votes to Gov. John Floyd, of 
Virginia, who was not a candidate. The result of the election 
by States was: For Jackson— Maine, 10; New Hampshire, 
7 ; New York, 42 ; New Jersey, 8 ; Pennsylvania, 30 ; Mary- 
land, 3; Virginia, 23; North Carolina, 15; Georgia, 11; 
Alabama, 7; Mississippi, 4; Louisiana, 5; Kentucky, 15; 

Ohio, 21; Indiana, 9; Illinois, 5 ; Missouri, 4. For Clay 

Massachusetts, 14; Rhode Island, 4; Connecticut, 8; Dela- 
ware, 3; Maryland, 5; Tennessee, 15. For Wm. Wirt — 
Vermont, 7. For John Floyd — South Carohna, 11. 

During Jackson's second term there were a number of Cabi- 
net changes. In 1833 Edward Livingston resigned to fill the 
English mission. Louis McLane, refusing to carry out the 
President's instructions and remove the government deposits, 
was transferred from the Treasury to the State Department, 
and Wm. J. Duane, of Pennsylvania, appointed to the Treasury. 
Mr. Duane also refused to agree to the removal of the deposits; 
he was requested to resign, and refused, whereupon the Presi- 
dent removed him from office, and appointed Roger B. Taney, 
of Maryland, to his place. The Senate, however, refused to 
confirm Mr. Taney's appointment. The Treasury Department 
was filled in 1834, by the transfer of Levi Woodbury from the 
Navy Department. Benj. F. Butler, of New York, succeeded 
Taney as Attorney-General in 1833. I^^ ^^34 McLane 
resigned the State Department, and was succeeded by John 
Forsyth, of Georgia. In the same year Mahlon Dickerson, of 
New Jersey, was made Secretary of the Navy. In May, 1835, 
Mr. Barry was sent as Minister to Spain, and was succeeded 
by Amos Kendall, of Kentucky, as Postmaster-General. 



52 



LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

close of the administration, the Cabinet was as 



Toward the 
follows : 

Secretary of State — John Forsyth, of Georgia. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Levi Woodbury, of New Hamp- 
shire. 

Secretary of War — Lewis Cass, of Ohio. 

Secretary of the Navy — Mahlon Dickerson, of New York. 

Attorney-General — Benjamin F. Butler, of New York. 

Postmaster-General — Amos Kendall, of Kentucky. 





MARTIN VAN BUR EN. 



rr ■ " " * * **' " " ' ^ " ' " " ' 




n IB ii u ti im:aj!;:;;:aLK=XL ^rf ■' m u '1 



XIII. MARTIN VAN BUREN, 



1837-1841 



Martin Van Buren was born at Kinderhook, New York, 
December 5, 1782. He was educated at the academy in his 
native village, studied law, and was admitted to practice in 
1803; was elected United States Senator in 1821, and again 
in 1828 ; was appointed Minister to England in 1831, but the 
Whig Senate refused to confirm the appointment. He died 
near Kinderhook, on the 24th of July, 1862. 

A characteristic successor of the nervous and indomitable 
Jackson was Martin Van Buren, an aspiring and an untiring 
politician, 

"Who scorned delights and lived laborious days," 

in the pursuit of a laudable ambition. He was an accomplished 
professor of the science of government, who fought his way inch 
by inch to the highest place in the people's gift. He was a 
wary and careful manager, who knew his own purposes and the 
reasons for his decisions, and was not to be easily turned aside 
from them. He retired from office, and no just reproach 
could be cast upon his name or official conduct. 

On the 20th of May, 1835, ^^le Democratic Convention met 
at Baltimore, and nominated Van Buren and Richard M. John- 
son, born in Kentucky in 1780, and died in 1850. Wm. H. 
Harrison, of Ohio, and Francis Granger, of New York, born in 

55 



56 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

Connecticut, 1787, and died in August, 1868, were the Whig 
candidates, and were nominated originally by public meetings 
in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and other States. The result of the 
election was : 

Martin Van Buren, . . . 170 votes. 

Wm. H. Harrison, . . . • 73 " 

Richard M. Johnson, . . . 147 " 

Francis Granger, . . . • 77 " 

The vote by States was : For Van Buren — Maine, 10 : New 
Hampshire, 7 ; Rhode Island, 4 ; Connecticut, 8 ; New York, 
42; Pennsylvania, 30; Virginia, 23; North Carolina, 15; 
Alabama, 7 ; Mississippi, 4 ; Louisiana, 5 ; Illinois, 5 ; Mis- 
souri, 4; Arkansas, 3; Michigan, 3. For Harrison — Ver- 
mont, 7 ; New Jersey, 8 ; Delaware, 3 ; Maryland, 10 ; Ken- 
tucky, 1 5 ; Ohio, 2 1 ; Indiana, 9 ; South Carolina, Georgia, 
Tennessee, and Massachusetts, did not vote for either of the 
candidates, but scattered their ballots. 

Mr. Van Buren selected the following Cabinet : 

Secretary of State — John Forsyth, of Georgia. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Levi Woodbury, of New Hamp- 
shire. 

Secretary of War — Joel R. Poinsett, of South Carolina. 

Secretary of the Navy — Mahlon Dickerson, of New York. 

Attorney-General — Benj. F. Butler, of New York. 

Postmaster-General — Amos Kendall, of Kentucky. 

Attorney-General Butler resigned in 1838, and was tempor- 
arily succeeded by Felix Grundy, of Tennessee, who, in 1839, 
was succeeded by Henry D. Gilpin, of Pennsylvania. In 
1838 Mahlon Dickerson resigned, and was succeeded by James 
K. Paulding, of New York. May 25, 1840, Amos Kendall 
resigned as Postmaster-General, and was succeeded by John 
M. Niles, of Connecticut. 




WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 



XIV. WILLIAM H. HARRISON. 



841 



William H. Harrison was born in Charles City county, 
Virginia, February 9, 1773. He entered the army in 1791, 
after graduating from Hampden-Sydney College. After reach- 
ing the grade of captain he resigned, in 1797 ; was chosen 
delegate to Congress from the Northwestern Territory in 1799 ; 
appointed Territorial Governor of Indiana in 1801, and con- 
tinued to 1 81 3. Conducted the Indian wars of the frontier; 
appointed brigadier-general in 18 12, and major-general in 
the regular army in 181 3 ; gained the victory of Thames over 
the British, in October, 1813; member of Congress from 
Ohio, 181 7-18, and elected United States Senator from that 
State in 1824 ; Minister to Columbia, South America, 1828-29 ; 
died at Washington, April 4, 1841, just one month after being 
inaugurated President. 

It is not probable that Gen. Harrison ever aspired to the 
Presidency, or had prepared his mind by thought and study for 
its great responsibilities. He had neither opportunity, nor in- 
ducement, nor suggestion to do so, indeed ; as all his predeces- 
sors had from association or from the concurrence of favorable 
circumstances, or as in the case of Jackson, an ardent, loud, 
and long continued popular attachment. It was the mis- 
fortunes, or unpopularity, or ill-luck of Van Buren and his own 

59 



60 



LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 



negative qualities, in contrast with the positive quaUties of Gen. 
Jackson, that made Gen. Harrison President. But the office 
hunters worried the mild, brave man to death in a single month. 
The first regular National Convention of the Whigs was held 
at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, December 4, 1839, where Harri- 
son and John Tyler were nominated. The Democratic Con- 
vention was held at Baltimore, May 24, 1840, and Van Buren 
and Johnson renominated. The election resulted : 

Wm. H. Harrison, . . . 234 votes. 

Martin Van Buren, . . . . 60 " 

John Tyler, .... 234 '' 

R. M. Johnson, . . . . 48 " 

Scattering, . . . . 12 '' 

The vote by States was: For Harrison — Maine, 10; Ver- 
mont, 7 ; Massachusetts, 1 4 ; Rhode Island, 4 ; Connecticut, 
8 ; New York, 42 ; New Jersey, 8 ; Pennsylvania, 30 ; Dela- 
ware, 3; Maryland, 10; North Carolina, 15; Georgia, 11; 
Mississippi, 4; Louisiana, 5; Tennessee, 15; Kentucky, 15; 
Ohio, 21; Indiana, 9 ; Michigan, 3. For Van Buren — New 
Hampshire, 7; Virginia, 23; South Carolina, 11; Alabama, 
7; Illinois, 5: Missouri, 4; Arkansas, 3. James G. Birney 
was the Free Soil candidate, but received no votes. 

The Cabinet selected by President Harrison was as follows : 
Secretary of State — Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts. 
Secretary of the Treasury — Thomas Ewing, of Ohio. 
Secretary of War — John Bell, of Tennessee. 
Secretary of the Navy — George E. Badger, of North Caro- 
hna. 

Attorney-General — John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky. 
Postmaster-General — Francis Granger, of New York. 




yOI/A TYLER. 



XV. JOHN TYLER. 



1841-1845 



John Tyler was born in Charles City county, Virginia, 
March 29, 1790; studied law, and was elected member of 
Congress, 181 6, and served some five years; Governor of Vir- 
ginia, 1825; elected U. S. Senator, 1827; re-elected 1833; 
was president of the Peace Convention at Washington, in 
February, 1861 ; died at Richmond, January, 17, 1862. 

Upon the death of President Harrison, Mr. Tyler became 
his constitutional successor. Like all of his predecessors ex- 
cept Washington, Jackson, and Harrison, he had been reared to 
politics and state-craft. He had been Governor of Virginia, 
and a Senator from that State, and held other important public 
positions. He may have dreamed q{ becoming President before 
he was nominated for Vice-President, but it is not likely that 
he even did that. He served a stormy term, a faithful, honest, 
but much abused officer. A little too anxious perhaps for a 
renomination, but retiring with dignity and honor, if not with- 
out chargin at the failure of the good luck which had made him 
President. 

He continued Harrison's Cabinet in office until September, 
1 841, when, in consequence of his veto of the Fiscal Corpora- 
tion Bill and other Whig measures, the whole Cabinet resigned, 
except Daniel Webster, and it was reorganized as follows : 

63 



64 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

Secretary of State — Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Walter Forward, of Pennsylvania. 

Secretary of War — John C. Spencer, of New York. 

Secretary of the Navy — Abel P. Upshur, of Virginia. 

Attorney-General — Hugh S. Legare, of South Carolina. 

Postmaster-General — Charles A. Wickliffe, of Kentucky. 

During 1843 ^^^ ^^44 numerous changes occurred in the 
Cabinet, which finally culminated in a complete reorganiza- 
tion. Webster resigned in May, 1843, ^^^ was succeeded by 
Legare, who died a month later, and was succeeded by Mr. 
Upshur as Secretary of State. Forward resigned, and was suc- 
ceeded by Spencer. In March, 1843, J- ^' Poi'ter was nomi- 
nated for Secretary of War, and in July, David Henshaw for 
Secretary of the Navy, but the Senate refused to confirm the 
nominations. William Wilkins, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylva- 
nia, was appointed to the War, and Thomas W. Gilmer, of 
Virginia, to the Navy Department. On the 28th of February, 
1844, Secretaries Upshur and Gilmer were killed by the explo- 
sion of a gun on the war vessel Princeton. Early in 1844, 
the President and Cabinet disagreed on the question of the an- 
nexation of Texas, and all except Wilkins and Wickliffe re- 
signed, and the following Cabinet was appointed : 

Secretary of State — John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina. 

Secretary of the Treasury — George M. Bibb, of Kentucky. 

Secretary of War — William Wilkins, of Pennsylvania. 

Secretary of the Navy — John Y. Mason, of Virginia. 

Attorney-General — John Nelson, of Maryland. 

Postmaster-General — Charles A. Wickliffe, of Kentucky. 





JAMES KNOX POLK. 






XVI. JAMES K. POLK. 



1845-8849. 



James Knox Polk was born in Mecklinburg county, North 
Carolina, November 2, 1795. Graduated from the University 
of North Carolina about 1816, and studied law; elected to 
Congress 1825, and several terms subsequently; chosen Speaker 
of the House, 1835 and 1837; Governor of Tennessee, 1839 ; 
died at Nashville, June 15, 1849. It maybe said that Mr. 
Polk's nomination was somewhat unexpected, perhaps to those 
who had no idea of voting for any candidate of his party, but 
he had been successful in political life, had large experience as 
Governor of Tennessee, and Speaker of the House. He pleased 
his party as candidate, and justified their fondest expectations 
as Chief Magistrate, surrounding himself with an able Cabinet 
of counsellors. The war with Mexico was successfully fought 
under his administration, and a rich empire added to our ter- 
ritorial dominions. 

The Whigs held their Convention in 1844, on the ist day 
of May, at Baltimore, and nominated Henry Clay and Theo- 
dore Frelinghuysen, of New Jersey, born in Somerset county. 
New Jersey, 1787; died in 1862. 

On the 27th of May, the Democratic Convention met at the 
same place, and nominated Polk and George M. Dallas, of 
Pennsylvania, born at Philadelphia, in July, 1792; died in 

67 



gg LTVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

December, 1864. The election turned on the question of the 
annexation of Texas ; the Democrats favoring and the Whigs 
opposing it, and resulted : 

James K.Polk, .... 170 votes. 

Henry Clay, . . . . 105 " 

George M. Dallas, . . . . 170 " 

Theodore Frelinghuysen, . . . 105 " 

By States the vote was : For Polk — ^Maine, 10; New Hamp- 
shire, 6; New York, 36; Pennsylvania, 26; Virginia, 17; 
South Carolina, 9; Georgia, 10; Alabama, 9; Mississippi, 6; 
Louisiana, 6 ; Indiana, 1 2 ; Illinois, 9 ; Missouri, 7 ; Arkan- 
sas, 3 ; Michigan, 4. For Clay — Vermont, 6 ; Massachusetts, 
1 2 ; Rhode Island, 4 ; Connecticut, 6 ; New Jersey, 7 ; Dela- 
ware, 3 ; Maryland, 8 ; North Carolina, 1 1 ; Tennessee, 1 3 ; 
Kentucky, 12; Ohio, 23. No electoral votes were cast for 
Mr. Birney, who was the Free Soil candidate for the Presidency. 

The following Cabinet was selected by President Polk : 

Secretary of State — James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Robert J. Walker, of Tennessee. 

Secretary of War — William L. Marcy, of New York. 

Secretary of the Navy — George Bancroft, of Massachusetts. 

Attorney-General — John Y. Mason, of Virginia. 

Postmaster-General — Cave Johnson, of Tennessee. 

In 1846, Secretary Bancroft resigned, and was succeeded by 
John Y. Mason; and Nathan Clifford, of Maine, became At- 
torney-General. These were the only Cabinet changes under 
Polk's Administration. 





Z A CHARY TAYLOR. 






I a 11 ' »•* «-»- aaJ 



XVII. ZACHARY TAYLOR. 



1849 — 1850. 



Zachary Taylor was born in Orange county, Virginia, 
November 24, 1784. He received an ordinary education in 
the schools of Kentucky, his father emigrating to that State I.. 
1785; entered the army in 1808; became captain in 1812, 
and colonel in 1832, and commander-in-chief of the army in 
Florida, in 1858 ; commanded the army sent to Corpus Christi, 
in 1845 y fought the battle of Palo Alto, May 8, 1846 ; Resaca 
de la Palma, May 9, was made a major-general ; defeated 
Santa Anna at Buena Vista, February 22, 1847, and was after- 
wards relieved of command by General Winfield Scott ; died 
July 9, 1850. 

He owed his nomination entirely to his great military fame, 
and his election to the fact that the party opposed to him had 
two candidates in the field. He never had any desire or op- 
portunity to become acquainted with the civil affairs of govern- 
ment, inasmuch as he was a soldier '' in the tented field" from 
his youth, and nothing but a soldier by nature, education, and 
training. He, too, like Harrison, it is thought, was a prey to 
the voracious and ignoble army of office -hunters, who besieged 
him continually for the fifteen months that he held power. 
There was little to create excitement or call forth much political 
anxiety during his term^ save the " wild hunt " for office. 

71 



iy2 LIVES OF THE PBESIDENT8. 

His fame and reputation were therefore unaffected by his brief 
possessions of the Presidental office. 

He was nominated by the Whig National Convention at 
Philadelphia, June, 1848, and Millard Fillmore was nominated 
for Vice-President. The Democratic National Convention at 
Baltimore, May, 1848, nominated Lewis Cass for President, 
and Gen. William O. Butler, of Kentucky, for Vice-President. 
Martin Van Buren was the Free Soil candidate for President, 
but received no electoral votes. The election resulted : 

Zachary Taylor, . . , . 163 votes. 

Lewis Cass, . . . . 127 " 

Millard Fillmore, . .* . . 163 " 

William O. Butler, . . . 127 " 

Following is the analysis of the vote by States : For Taylor — 
Massachusetts, 12; Rhode Island, 4; Connecticut, 6; Ver- 
mont, 6; New York, 36; New Jersey, 7; Pennsylvania, 26; 
Delaware, 3; Maryland, 8; North Carolina, 11; Georgia, 
10; Kentucky, 12; Tennessee, 13; Louisiana, 5; Florida, 
4. For Cass — Maine, 9 ; New Hampshire, 6 ; Virginia, 1 7 ; 
South Carolina, 9; Ohio, 23; Mississippi, 6; Indiana, 12; 
Illinois, 9 ; Alabama, 9 ; Missouri, 7 ; Arkansas, 3 ; Michi- 
gan, 5; Texas, 4; Iowa, 4; Wisconsin, 4. 

At the beginning of Taylor's Administration the Interior De- 
partment, first called the Home Department, was given a posi- 
tion in the Cabinet. President Taylor's Cabinet was as fol- 
lows: 

Secretary of State — John M. Clayton, of Delaware. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Wm. M. Meredith, of Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Secretary of War — George W. Crawford, of Georgia. 

Secretary of the Navy — Wm. B. Preston, of Virginia. 

Secretary of the Interior — Thomas Ewing, of Ohio. 

Attorney-General — Reverdy Johnson, of Maryland. 

Postmaster-General — Jacob Collamer, of Vermont. 




MILLARD FILLMORE. 



p 111 Ml BU kM kl iW tir- It »ll !■ H f II f 




XVIII. MILLARD FILLMORE. 



850-1853. 



Millard Fillmore became the constitutional successor of 
President Taylor. Very exciting questions arose during his 
term of office, which he treated with dignity, if not with 
statesmanship. Mr. Fillmore, like Mr. Tyler, his forerunner 
in the way of becoming President, not by election, but by 
Constitutional prescription, had hardly expected that he would 
ever attain that much coveted position. But he acquitted 
himself well, as a conscientious, sensible man, thoroughly 
acquainted with legislation and general political principles, 
might be expected to do. 

President Fillmore was born in Cayuga county, New York, 
January 7, 1800. He was not even liberally educated, and 
when young served an apprenticeship to the fuller's trade. 
About the year 1821 he was admitted to the bar, and removed 
to Erie county, New York, where he practiced law with suc- 
cess. He was elected to Congress in 1832, and re-elected 
in 1836, 1838, and 1840. In 1842 he was the Whig candi- 
date for Governor of New York, but was not elected. * In 
1847 1^6 was elected Comptroller of the State. In 1856 he 
was the Native American candidate for President, receiving 
only the electoral vote of Maryland. Died March 8, 1874. 

Upon the death of President Taylor the entire Cabinet 
resigned, and was re-organized by Mr. Fillmore as follows : 

T5 



^3 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

Secretary of State — Daniel Webster, Massachusetts. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Thomas Corwin, Ohio. 

Secretary of War — Charles Conrad, Louisiana. 

Secretary of the Navy — Wm. A. Graham, North Carolina. 

Secretary of the Interior — Alex. A. H. Stuart, Virginia. 

Attorney-General — John J. Crittenden, Kentucky, 

Postmaster-General — Nathan K. Hall, New York. 

In June, 1852, Nathan K. Hall resigned as Postmaster- 
General, and was succeeded by Samuel D. Hubbard, of Con- 
necticut. At about the same period Wm. A. Graham resigned, 
accepting the Whig nomination for Vice-President, and was 
succeeded by John P. Kennedy, of Maryland, as Secretary 
of the Navy. On the 24th of October, Daniel Webster died, 
and Edward Everett became Secretary of State. 





FRANKLIN PIERCE, 



XIX. FRANKLIN PIERCE, 



'853-1857, 



Franklin Pierce was born at Hillsborough, New Hampshire, 
on the 23d of November, 1804. He graduated at Bowdoin 
College, Maine, in 1824; studied law under Levi Woodbury, 
and was admitted to the bar in 1827. In 1833 he was elected 
to Congress, and re-elected in 1835, and in 1837 was chosen 
United States Senator, and resigned the position in 1842 to 
resume the practice of the law. He served during the Mexican 
war with the rank of Brigadier-General of Volunteers. 

The disturbing question in politics in 1852 was that of 
slavery, which the compromise measures of Henry Clay, in 
1850, failed to dispose of. The candidates on the Democratic 
ticket were Franklin Pierce and Wm. R. King, born in North 
Carolina in 1786, and died in 1853, before assuming the 
duties of his office. The Whig candidates were Gen. Winfield 
Scott, born near Petersburg, Virginia, June 13, 1786; died at 
West Point, May, 1866; and Wm. A. Graham, of North 
Carolina, born in Lincoln county. North Carolina, September 
5, 1804, and died August 11, 1875. John P. Hale, of New 
Hampshire, was the Liberty or Abolition candidate^ but 
received no electoral votes* The Convention that nominated 
Pierce and King was held at Baltimore, June ist, 1852, and 
Scott and Graham were nominated at the same place by the 

Id 



30 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS, 

Whig Convention that assembled June 15, and continued in 
session five days. 

The vote in the Electoral Colleges was as follows : 

Franklin Pierce, . . . 254 votes. 

Winfield Scott, . . . . 42 <^ 

Wm. R. King, . . . 254 " 

Wm. A. Graham, . . . . 42 '< 

The vote by States was : For Pierce — Maryland, 8 ; Dela- 
ware, 3; Pennsylvania, 27; New York, 35; Maine, 8; New 
Hampshire, 5; Ohio, 23; Virginia, 15; Michigan, 6; South 
Carolina, 8; Connecticut, 6; Rhode Island, 4; New Jersey, 
7; Missouri, 9; Indiana, 13; Illinois, 11 ; Alabama, 9; Mis- 
sissippi, 7; North Carolina, 10; Louisiana, 6; Arkansas, 4; 
Texas, 4; Wisconsin, 5; Iowa, 4; Florida, 3; Georgia, 10; 
California, 4. For Scott — Massachusetts, 13 ; Vermont, 5 ; 
Kentucky, 12; Tennessee, 12. 

President Pierce selected for his constitutional advisers the 
following Cabinet : 

Secretary of State — Wm. L. Marcy, New York. 

Secretary of the Treasury — James Guthrie, Kentucky. 

Secretary of War — Jefferson Davis, Mississippi. 

Secretary of the Navy — James C. Dobbin, North Carolina. 

Secretary of the Interior — Robert McClelland, Michigan. 

Attorney-General — Caleb Cushing, Massachusetts. 

Postmaster-General — James Campbell, Pennsylvania. 




JAMES BUCHANAN. 



XX. JAMES BUCHANAN. 



1857-186 



James Buchanan was born in Franklin county, Pennsylva- 
nia, April 13, 1 79 1, and died at Wheatland, June i, 1868. He 
graduated at Dickinson College in 1809, and was admitted to 
the bar in 181 2. He was elected to Congress in 1820, as a 
Federalist. In 1828 he supported Jackson for the Presidency, 
and was re-elected to Congress as a Democrat. He was sent 
as Ambassador to St. Petersburg in 1831, and was elected 
United States Senator from Pennsylvania in 1833. He con- 
tinued in the Senate until 1845, when he was made Secretary 
of State in President Polk's Cabinet. He was minister to 
England from 1853 to 1856, and earned the sobriquet of 
*' Public Functionary," from the fact that he held some impor- 
tant and responsible office continuously from 1820 to 1861, 
with the exception of four years, from 1849 ^^ 1^53- 

The leading question in the campaign of 1856 was again 
that of slavery, which each year was becoming more trouble- 
some and threatening, and upon which the Democratic party 
was becoming divided in sentiment. President Buchanan was 
nominated by the Democratic Convention at Cincinnati, June 
2, 1856; and John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, for Vice- 
President. John C. Fremont, born at Savannah, Georgia, 
January 21, 181 3, and Mr. L. Dayton, born in New Jersey, 

83 



84 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 



1807, died in Paris, December, 1864, were nominated at Phila- 
delphia, June 17, 1856, as the Republican candidates for Presi- 
dent and Vice-President. Millard Fillmore was the American 
candidate for President, and Andrew J. Donaldson, of Ten- 
nessee, for Vice-President. The result of the election was as 
follows : 

James Buchanan, . . . 174 votes. 

John C. Fremont, . . . .114 

Millard Fillmore, ... 5 

John C. Breckinridge, . . .174 

Wm. L. Dayton, . . . 114 

A. J. Donaldson, .... 5 

The vote by States was as follows : For Buchanan — Ala- 
bama, 9j Arkansas, 4; Cahfornia, 4; Delaware, 3; Florida, 3; 
Georgia, 10; Illinois, 11 ; Indiana, 13; Kentucky, 12; Louisi- 
ana, 6 ', Mississippi, 7 ; Missouri, 9 ; New Jersey, 7 ; North 
Carolina, 10; Pennsylvania, 27; Tennessee, 12; South Caro- 
lina, 8; Texas, 4; Virginia, 15. For Fremont — Connecticut, 
6; Iowa, 4; Maine, 8; Massachusetts, 13; Michigan, 6; New 
Hampshire, 5; New York, 35 ; Ohio, 23; Rhode Island, 4; 
Vermont, 5 ; Wisconsin, 5. For Fillmore — Maryland, 8. 

The following Cabinet was selected by Mr. Buchanan : 

Secretary of State — Lewis Cass, Michigan. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Howell Cobb, Georgia. 

Secretary of War — John B. Floyd, Virginia. 

Secretary of the Navy — Isaac Toucey, Connecticut. 

Secretary of the Interior — Jacob Thompson, North Caro- 
lina. 

Attorney-General — Jeremiah S. Black, Pennsylvania. 

Postmaster-General — A. V. Brown, Tennessee. 

There was nothing out of the usual routine in Mr. Buch- 
anan's Administration, until near its close, when the various 
questions of policy arising out of the secession of the Southern 
States, resulted in the disruption of the Cabinet during 
the months of December, i860, and January, 1861 ; the mem- 
bers either resigning, or being transferred from one department 



JAMES BUCETANAJSr. 85 

to another. Lewis Cass, Secretary of State, was first to resign, 
December 12, i860, and was succeeded by Attorney-General 
Black. On the same day Mr. Cobb, Secretary of the Treasury, 
resigned, and was replaced by Philip F. Thomas, of Maryland, 
who in turn resigned on the nth of January, 1 861, and was 
succeeded by John A. Dix, of New York. On the 25 th of 
December, Secretary Floyd resigned, and Joseph Holt was 
transferred from the Postmaster-Generalship to the War port- 
folio. First Assistant Postmaster-General, Horatio King, be- 
came Acting Postmaster-General, and was appointed to the 
position February i, 1861. On the 9th of January, 1861, 
Secretary Thompson resigned, and no immediate successor was 
appointed, the bureau remaining in charge of the Secretary's 
first subordinate. In the general upheaval the members of the 
Cabinet resigned for the most opposite reasons, and generally 
for the most contradictory ones. 

The Cabinet, pending these changes, could not be regarded 
as anything like permanent, until the nth of January, 1861, 
when it was finally reconstructed as follows : 

Secretary of State — Jeremiah S. Black, Pennsylvania. 

Secretary of the Treasury — John A. Dix, New York. 

Secretary of War — Joseph Holt, Kentucky. 

Secretary of the Navy — Isaac Toucey, Connecticut. 

Secretary of the Interior — Vacant. 

Attorney-General — Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania. 

Postmaster-General — Horatio King (acting), New York. 





XXI. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, 



861-1865. 



Abraham Lincoln was born in Hardin county, Kentucky 
(in a part now included in Larue county), on the 12th of 
February, 1809, and died at the hands of an assassin on 
the 15th of April, 1865. His parents, when he was eight 
years old, removed to Spencer county, Indiana, and afterward 
to Illinois. His education was such as he was able to pick 
up at the neighboring frontier schools, but he practically 
applied everything he learned, and raised himself from 
obscurity to a prominent place in his adopted State. He 
was a successful, though not a trained lawyer. He was 
elected to the Illinois Legislature in 1834, and again in 
1836. In 1846 he was elected to Congress, the only Whig 
out of the seven members from that State. In 1868 he was a 
candidate for United States Senator, against Stephen A. 
Douglas, who was elected, and who was one of his competitors 
for the Presidency in i860. 

Like the nominations of Polk, Pierce, and Taylor, the 
nomination of Abraham Lincoln was unexpected ; the result, 
perhaps, of envy, which, even more than ingratitude, is the 
ruling vice in Republics. Accident favored him as much in 
his election as it did in his nomination. The dissensions of 
the opposing party made him President, although in a minority 

86 




ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



ABBAHAM LINCOLN. 89 

of a million on the popular vote. And in regard to his 
Administration, like that of Mr. Buchanan's, the minds of men 
are not likely soon to be harmonized. 

Mr. Lincoln was nominated by the Republican Convention 
at Chicago, May 17, i860, and Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, 
for Vice-President. The Democratic Convention met at 
Charleston, South Carolina, April 23, i860, and after more 
than fifty ballots, and a nine days' session, without a nomi- 
ination, adjourned to meet at Baltimore, June 18. Here a 
portion of the delegates seceded from the regular Convention, 
and nominated John C. Breckinridge for President, and 
Joseph Lane, of Oregon, for Vice-President. The regular 
Convention then nominated Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, 
born in Rutland county, Vermont, April 23, 181 3, died at 
Chicago, June 3, 1861, for President, and Herschel V. John- 
son, born in Georgia, Sept. 18, 181 2, for Vice-President. John 
Bell, of Tennessee, and Edward Everett were nominated by the 
" Constitutional Union " party. 

The slavery question was now the all-absorbing issue that 
swallowed up all others. The result of this quadrangular 
contest was as follows : 

Abraham Lipcoln, . . . 180 votes. 

John C. Breckinridge, . . . 72 ** 

John Bell, . . . . 39 " 

Stephen A. Douglas, . . . 12 " 

Hannibal Hamlin, . . . iSo ** 

Joseph Lane, . . . . 72 ** 

Edward Everett, . . . . 39 ** 

Herschel V. Johnson, . . . 12 ** 

Following is the analysis of the vote by States : Lincoln — 
California, 4; Connecticut, 6; Illinois, 11; Indiana, 13; 
Iowa, 4; Maine, 8; Massachusetts, 13; Michigan, 6; Min- 
nesota, 4 ; New Hampshire, 5 ; New Jersey, 4 ; New York, 
35; Ohio, 23; Oregon, 3; Pennsylvania, 27; Rhode Island, 
4; Vermont, 5 ; Wisconsin, 5. Breckinridge — Alabama, 9; 
Arkansas, 4; Delaware, 3; Florida, 3; Georgia, 10; Louisi- 



90 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

ana, 6 ; Maryland, 8 ; Mississippi, 7 ; North Carolina, 10 ; 
South Carolina, 8; Texas, 4. Bell — Kentucky, 12; Tennes- 
see, 12 ; Virginia, 15. Douglas — New Jersey, 3 ; Missouri, 9. 

President Lincoln appointed the following Cabinet : 

Secretary of State — Wm. H. Seward, New York. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Salmon P. Chase, Ohio. 

Secretary of War — Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania/ 

Secretary of the Navy — Gideon Welles, Connecticut. 

Secretary of the Interior — Caleb B. Smith, Indiana. 

Attorney-General — Edward Bates, Missouri. 

Postmaster-General — Montgomery Blair, Maryland. 

In January, 1862, Mr. Cameron resigned the War office, 
and went as Minister to Russia, and was succeeded by Edwin 
M. Stanton. Secretary Smith resigned in December, 1862, 
and was succeeded by John P. Usher. On the 30th of June, 
1864, Secretary Chase resigned, and was succeeded by Wm. 
Pitt Fessenden, of Maine, who in 1865, was succeeded by 
Hugh McCulloch, of Indiana. Near the close of the year 
1864, President Lincoln removed Postmaster-General Blair, 
and appointed Wm. Dennison, of Ohio. In September, 1864, 
Attorney-General Bates resigned, and was succeeded by 
James Speed, of Kentucky. 



XXII. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, 



1865. 



President Lincoln was renominated by the Republican 
Convention, at Baltimore, June 8, 1864, and Andrew Johnson, 
of Tennessee, for Vice-President. The Democratic Conven- 
tion, at Chicago, August 30, nominated Gen. George B. 
McClellan, of New Jersey, born at Philadelphia, December 3, 



ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 91 

1826, for President, and George H. Pendleton, of Ohio, born 
at Cincinnati, July, 25, 1825, for Vice-President. The result of 
the election was as follows, the principal question being as to 
the mode of conducting the civil war then pending : 

Abraham Lincoln, . . . 213 votes. 

George B. McClellan, . . . 21 " 

Andrew Johnson, . . . 213 " 

George H. Pendleton, . . . 21 " 

The analysis of the vote by States is as follows : For Lin- 
coln — California, 5; Connecticut, 6; IlHnois, 16; Indiana, 
13; Iowa, 8; Kansas, 3 ; Maine, 7; Maryland, 7; Massa- 
chusetts, 12; Michigan, 8; Minnesota, 4; Missouri, 11; 
New Hampshire, 5; New York, 33; Ohio, 21; Oregon, 3; 
Pennsylvania, 26; Rhode Island, 4; Vermont, 5; West Vir- 
ginia, 5 ; Wisconsin, 8 ; Nevada, 3. McClellan — Kentucky, 
II ; New Jersey, 7 ; Delaware, 3. The electoral vote was not 
counted in the States of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, 
Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Ten- 
nessee, Texas, and Virginia. 

President Lincoln unhappily did not live to serve his second 
term, having been assassinated by a fanatical villain, on the 
night of the 14th of April, 1865, at Ford's Theatre, the Presi- 
dent dying at an early hour the next morning. 




XXIII. ANDREW JOHNSON. 



1865—1869. 



Andrew Johnson was born near Raleigh, North Carolina, 
December 29, 1808. In the midst of poverty he grew up to man- 
hood unlettered, serving an apprenticeship to a tailor. After 
his marriage, and after having changed his residence to Green- 
ville, Tennessee, his wife, a woman of considerable culture, 
helped him to a practical education. Abandoning the trade he 
had learned, he began the practice of the law. He began his 
official career as an Alderman, and was afterward elected Mayor 
of Greenville in 1830. He served a number of terms in the 
Legislature, and in 1843 was elected to Congress, where he 
continued for ten years. In 1853 he was elected Governor of 
Tennessee, and re-elected in 1855. In 1857 he was elected 
United States Senator, and was appointed Military Governor 
of Tennessee in 1862 by President Lincoln. In 1864 he was 
elected Vice-President. 

The cold-blooded and cruel assassination of President 
Lincoln made Andrew Johnson the constitutional President. 
It is not probable that he would ever have been taken up for 
President by either party, although he had acted with both. 
The signal failure of his attempt to build up a following for 
himself that would re-elect him proves this. His practical 
knowledge of political affairs would have enabled him to do 

92 




ANDRE W JOHNSON, 



ANDREW JOHNSON. 95 

much good in the settlement of the absorbing questions that 
followed the war, if, instead of striking out for the gratifica- 
tion of his selfish personal ambition, he had devoted himself to 
''Reconstruction " questions alone. Besides this, he was very 
unjustly treated by the majority in Congress. 

For the removal of Secretary Stanton, he was impeached by 
his political opponents in the House and tried by the Senate. 
The trial began on the 13th of March, 1868, and ended on the 
26th of May in his acquittal, thirty-five Senators voting for and 
nineteen against conviction. As it required a two-thirds 
vote of the Senators to convict, the impeachment was a fail- 
ure. Seven Republican Senators voted for his acquittal. 

Upon President Johnson's accession to the Presidency, no 
material change was made in Mr. Lincoln's Cabinet, his 
constitutional advisers being as follows, although several 
changes occurred subsequently : 

Secretary of State — Wm. H. Seward, New York. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Hugh McCuUoch, Indiana. 

Secretary of War — E. M. Stanton, Pennsylvania. 

Secretary of the Navy — Gideon Wells, Connecticut. 

Secretary of the Interior — James Harlan, Iowa. 

Attorney-General — James Speed, Kentucky. 

Postmaster-General — Wm. Dennison, Ohio. 

In 1866, Secretary Harlan and Postmaster-General Dennison 
resigned, and were succeeded, July 24, and September i, by 
O..H. Browning, of Illinois, and A. W. Randall, of Wisconsin, 
respectively. At the same time Henry Stanberry, of Ohio, 
succeeded James Speed as Attorney-General, who was in turn 
succeeded by Wm. M. Evarts, of New York, in 1868. 

Owing to disagreements between President Johnson and 
Secretary Stanton, the latter was requested to resign the War 
Office on the 5 th of August, 1867, but refused to comply. 
Previous to this, Congress had passed the Tenure-of-Office Act 
to prevent him from removing his Cabinet officers. On the 
1 2th of August, the President suspended Stanton under this 
act, and appointed General Ulysses S. Grant Secretary of War 



96 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS, 

ad interim. On the 13th of January, 1868, the Senate 
re-instated Mr. Stanton, and the President formally removed 
him and appointed Gen. Lorenzo Thomas, Secretary ad 
interifn, but failed to get possession of the War office. Stan- 
ton continued on, and Johnson was impeached, tried, and 
acquitted, when, on the 26th of May, 1868, Secretary Stanton 
resigned, and was succeeded by Gen. John M. Schofield. 








UL YSSES SIMPSON GRANT. 



XXIV. ULYSSES S. GRANT. 



1869-1873. 



Ulysses S. Grant was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont 
county, Ohio, April 27, 1822. He entered the Mihtary 
Academy at West Point in 1839, and graduated in 1843. He 
was brevet second lieutenant in the Fourth Infantry, and served 
in the Mexican War. In 1847, 1^^ was made first lieutenant, 
captain in 1853, and in 1854 resigned his commission, and 
entered the leather and saddlery business at Galena, Illinois, 
in 1859. At the breaking out of the war in 1861, he raised 
a company, and went to Springfield. He was made colonel 
of the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers, and later in the same 
year a brigadier- general. In February, 1862, he was made a 
major-general, and commanded the armies of the Southwest. 
On the 1 2th of March, 1864, he was made lieutenant-general, 
and put in command of all the armies, and took personal 
direction of the military operations in Virginia, and on the 9th 
of April, 1865, General Lee surrendered the armies of the Con- 
federacy to him, at Appomattox Court House, and hostilities 
were ended. 

In July, 1866, Congress conferred upon him the grade of 
General. On the 21st of May, 1868, the Republican Conven- 
tion, at Chicago, nominated him for President, and Schuyler 
Colfax, of Indiana, born in New York city, March 23, 1823, 

99 



100 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

for Vice-President. The Democratic Convention that met at 
New York, July 4, 1868, nominated Horatio Seymour, of New- 
York, born in Onandaga county, New York, in 181 1, for Presi- 
dent, and Francis P. Blair, Jr., of Missouri, born at Lexington, 
Kentucky, in 1821, and died May 17, 1875, ^"^^ Vice-Presi- 
dent. The main issue of the campaign was as to the mode of 
reconstructing the Southern States. 

Some epigrammatic writer observes that " no prominent 
man in a civil war ever gains so much fame or fortune as he 
that ends it." To President Grant was accorded, with singular 
unanimity, the credit of triumphantly concluding our late civil 
war. To him Gen. Lee surrendered the sword of the Con- 
federacy, and other fortuitous events conspired to make him 
successful in a canvass for the Presidency. The war lasted 
four years, and Johnson's term lasted four years longer. Dur- 
ing most of that time Grant never remotely imagined that he 
would become President. 

The result of the Presidential campaign was : 

U. S. Grant, .... 

Horatio Seymour, 

Schuyler Colfax, .... 

F. P. Blair, .... 

Following is the vote of the electoral colleges by States: 
For Grant — Alabama, 8 ; Arkansas, 5 ; California, 5 ; Con- 
necticut, 6 ; Florida, 3; Ilhnois, 16; Indiana, 13; Iowa, 8; 
Kansas, 3; Maine, 7; Massachusetts, 12; Michigan, 8; Min- 
nesota, 4 ; Missouri, 1 1 ; Nebraska, 3 ; Nevada, 3 ; New 
Hampshire, 5; North Carolina, 9; Ohio, 21; Pennsylvania, 
26; Rhode Island, 4; South Carolina, 6; Tennessee, 10; 
Vermont, 5 ; West Virginia, 5 ; Wisconsin, 8. For Sey- 
mour — Delaware, 8 ; Georgia, 9 ; Kentucky, 1 1 ; Louisiana, 
7 ; New Jersey, 7 ; New York, 2)Z y Oregon, 3 ; Maryland, 7. 

In the selection of his Cabinet President Grant first named 
Elihu B. Washburne for Secretary of State, and Alexander T. 
Stewart for Secretary of the Treasury. It was found that 
Stewart was ineligible by law, in consequence of being an im- 



214 


votes. 


80 


ii 


214 


(I 


80 


cc 



ULYS>Si:S /S. GBANT. 101 

porter of merchandise, and Congress refused to remove the 
disabihty. Mr. Washburne also dedined the position tendered 
him, and on the nth day of March, 1869, the Cabinet was 
announced as follows : 

Secretary of State — Hamilton Fish, New York. 

Secretary of the Treasury — George S. Boutwell, Massachu- 
setts. 

Secretary of War — John A. Rawlins, Illinois. 

Secretary of the Navy — x\dolph E. Borie, Pennsylvania. 

Secretary of the Interior — Jacob D. Cox, Ohio. 

Attorney-General — E. Rockwell Hoar, Massachusetts. 

Postmaster-General — John A. J. Cresswell, Maryland. 

Secretary Rawlins died on the 7th of September, 1869, and 
was succeeded by W. W. Belknap, of Iowa, on the 3d of Octo- 
ber. Prior to this, on the 25th of June, Secretary Borie re- 
signed, and was succeeded by George M. Robeson, of New 
Jersey. Also during the year, Attorney-General Hoar re- 
signed, and was succeeded by Amos T. Akerman, of Georgia, 
who was succeeded in 1870 by Geo. H. Williams, of Oregon. 
Secretary of the Interior, Jacob D. Cox, also resigned in 1870, 
and was succeeded by Columbus Delano, of Ohio. 



XXV. ULYSSES S. GRANT. 



1873-1876, 



The Republican Convention, which assembled at Philadel- 
phia on the 5th of June, 1872, re-nominated President Grant, 
and named Henry Wilson, born in New Hampshire, February 
16, 1812, and who died at Washington, November 22, 1875, 
for Vice-President. 

On the 1st of May, 1872, the Liberal Republicans met at 



102 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENJ^. 

Cincinnati, and nominated Horace Greeley, of New York, for 
President, and Benjamin Gratz Brown, of Missouri, for Vice- 
President. On the 9th of July, the Democratic Convention 
met at Baltimore, and ratified the Cincinnati nomination. Mr. 
Greeley was born at Amherst, New Hampshire, February 3, 
181 1, and in early life learned the printing trade. After several 
newspaper ventures in New York, he founded the New York 
Tribune in 1841, and was acknowledged to be at the head of 
the journalistic profession in America in his time. He died on 
the 29th of November, 1872, and in consequence of his death, 
the electoral vote that would have been cast for him was 
divided among other gentlemen who were not candidates. 
Charles O' Conor, of New York, straight-out Democrat, and 
James Black, of Pennsylvania, Temperance, were also sup- 
ported for the Presidency, but received no electoral votes. 
The issue of the campaign was that of universal amnesty to the 
people lately in rebellion — the Democrats and Liberals favor- 
ing it,^ and the Republicans favoring restricted amnesty. The 
following was the result of the election : 

Ulysses S. Grant, .... 

Thomas A. Hendricks (Indiana), 

B. Gratz Brown (for President), 

Horace Greeley, 

Charles J. Jenkins, 

David Davis, .... 

Henry Wilson, .... 

B. Gratz Brown (for Vice-President), . 

Scattering, .... 

The following is the analysis of the vote by States : For 
Grant — Alabama, 10; Arkansas, 6; California, 6; Connecti- 
cut, 6; Delaware, 3; Florida, 4; Illinois, 21; Indiana, 15; 
Iowa, 11; Kansas, 5; Maine, 7; Massachusetts, 13; Michi- 
gan, 1 1 ; Minnesota, 5 \ Mississippi, 8 ; Nebraska, 3 ; Nevada, 
3 ; New Hampshire, 5 ; New Jersey, 9 ; New York, 35 ; North 
Carohna, 10 ; Ohio, 22 ; Oregon, 3 ; Pennsylvania, 29 ; Rhode 
Island, 4 ; South Carolina, 7 ; Vermont, 5 ; Virginia, 1 1 ; 



292 ^ 


^otes. 


42 




18 




3 




2 




I 




292 




55 




19 





ULYiSjS£:S S. GRANT. 103 

West Virginia, 5 ; Wisconsin, 10. For Hendricks — Ken- 
tucky, 8; Maryland, 8; Missouri, 6; Tennessee, 12; Texas, 
8. For Brown — Georgia, 6 ; Kentucky, 4 ; Missouri, 8. For 
Greeley — Georgia, 3. For Jenkins — Georgia, 2. For Davis 
— Missouri, i. There was a contest as to the 8 electoral votes 
of Louisiana, the electors recognized as chosen by the United 
States District Judge casting 8 votes for Grant, and the Demo- 
cratic electors claiming to be elected casting 8 blank votes. 

President Grant's Cabinet at the beginning of his second 
term was : 

Secretary of State — Hamilton Fish, New York. 

Secretary of the Treasury — George S. Boutwell, Massachu- 
setts. 

Secretary of War — W. W. Belknap, Iowa. 

Secretary of the Navy — George M. Robeson, New Jersey. 

Secretary of the Interior — Columbus Delano, Ohio. 

Attorney-General — George H. Williams, Oregon. 

Postmaster-General — John A. J. Creswell, Maryland. 

On the 17th of March, 1873, Secretary Boutwell resigned, 
and was succeeded by Wm. A. Richardson, who resigned on 
the I St of June, 1874, and was succeeded by Benjamin H. 
Bristow, of Kentucky. 

Postmaster-General Cresswell resigned on the 24th of June, 
1874, and was succeeded by Marshall Jewell, of Connecticut. 
Attorney-General Williams resigned on the 22d of April, 1875, 
and was succeeded by Edwards Pierrepont, of New York. 
Secrerary of the Interior, Columbus Delano, resigned Septem- 
ber 26, 1875, ^1^^ was succeeded by Zachariah Chandler, of 
Michigan. 

On the I St of March, 1876, a Committee of the House of 
Representatives came into the possession of evidence implicat- 
ing W. W. Belknap, Secretary of War, as guilty of gross mal- 
feasance in office, in the sale of the right to sell goods at posts 
on the Western frontier, and other criminal acts, to which he 
confessed before the Committee. On the 2d of the same 
month, Belknap tendered his resignation, which was promptly 



104 



LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 



accepted by the President. On the same day the House Com- 
mittee appeared before the Senate, and notified that body that 
the House would present articles of impeachment against Gen. 
Belknap. Secretary Belknap was the first of the long line of 
distinguished Cabinet Ministers to be driven out of his high 
office for detected corruption. On the 7th of March, the 
President appointed Alphonso Taft, of Ohio, as Gen. Belknap's 
successor.* 

* The date of appointment and term of service of the ad interim 
Cabinet Ministers, not particularly specitied in the foregoing, are 
specifically set forth in Section VI., following, which embraces a 
complete list of all persons holding Cabinet positions for any 
period whatever. 




wp_ 


mmmm^^^^^m^ 





II. 



In considering how our eighteen Presidents were elected, it 
may be said that Washington, Adams, and Jefferson were 
chosen candidates, the first by unanimous popular indication 
and consent, and the second and third as the acknowledged 
leaders of the parties that put them forward. 

There is no reason why either of these might not have looked 
forward to the acquisition of the Presidential office. But it is 
not charged that either of the three intrigued for the position, 
or practiced the arts of flattery or demagogism to obtain it. 
The nominations of Madison and Monroe were made by the 
administrations in power, and by their supporters in Congress, 
which last arranged many things, as was alleged, by a secret 
party combination called "King Caucus" by those of the op- 
posing party, and even by those of its own party who did not 
find favor in the eyes of that same " King." 

It seemed to be the idea of these caucus managers, that men 
who were near the Executive, generally the Secretary of State, 
we believe, would make safe Presidents, and they alleged that 
in maintaining that sort of succession they were keeping in the 
" line of safe precedents ;" but in 1824, the outsiders grew im- 
patient, when William H. Crawford, President Monroe's Secre- 
tary of State, was put forth as had been customary by the mys- 
terious ''Caucus." Then other candidates stepped boldly 
forth, or were brought forward with whatever force or unction 
their friends could give them. 

105 



106 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

Among those were Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, and John 
Quincy Adams. No election was had by the electors chosen, 
and the choice was to be made by the Lower House of Con- 
gress, from the three highest on the list presented by the Elec- 
toral Colleges. The result of the action of the House was, to 
say the least of it, amazing and unexpected — and resulted in 
the election of Adams, the second on the list. It was accom- 
plished by the union of the friends of Mr. Clay with those of 
Mr. Adams, and Mr. Clay took office under Mr. Adams as 
Secretary of State. The wonder excited by this result was pro- 
duced by the fact that for ten years previous to the election, 
Clay and Adams had been personal enemies, having differed 
about certain provisions in the Treaty of Ghent, in the forma- 
tion of which both took part. And although the vote of Mr. 
Clay's State, Kentucky, was cast for Mr. Adams, not one soli- 
tary man voted for him at the polls. 

The election of Gen. Jackson, in 1828, who was the highest 
of the three voted for by the House in 1824, was no doubt se- 
cured in a large measure by the unlooked-for coalition of the 
fiiends of Adams and Clay. Adams v/as his opponent in the 
natural course of events, perhaps endorsed by a kind of caucus 
nomination. But we hear no more of Presidential or other 
nominations by caucus. In 1832 President Jackson was re- 
nominated by a body of delegates, which was the first of the 
National Conventions by which Presidential nominations have 
since been made very generally by all parties. 

It may be said that after the nomination of Mr. Van Buren, 
in 1836, the selections made by all parties in their Conventions 
for President and Vice-President were very largely controlled 
by accident or expediency. It was tacitly, if not openly, con- 
ceded that Van Buren would be Jackson's successor, and the 
strange bitterness with which this expected result was denounced 
by his enemies long before the time of the latter's retirement 
from office, had something to do with securing the succession 
to Mr. Van Buren. The nomination of Gen. Harrison, in 
1840, for President, and John Tyler for Vice-President, was 



POLITICAL AND PEE80NAL REVIEW. IQY 

one of the first instances where party necessity dictated the ex- 
clusion of the men best fitted and most thought of for those 
high places. Clay, Webster, and others of the leaders of the 
Whig party, who had borne the heat and burden of battle, 
were put aside for Harrison, so that success might be better as- 
sured. 

And again, in 1848, these great men were ignored, because 
Gen. Taylor, with his freshly gathered Mexican laurels, it was 
supposed, and correctly, too, would be the man most likely to 
succeed. So also in 1852, Gen. Scott was preferred to the ac- 
cepted and competent political leaders of the Whig party, and 
was another expediency candidate. So, too, in the Demo- 
cratic party, Silas Wright and Gen. Cass, who had undergone 
all the toil and reaped all the censure that the highest party 
leadership is sure to encounter, were put aside in 1844 for 
Polk, and in 1852 for Pierce. In all these unexpected nomina- 
tions by both of the leading parties, expediency was regularly 
alleged as the motive for making them, but it is very likely that 
envy and Jealousy, which as before hinted, are ^perhaps more 
the especial vices of Republics than even ingratitude itself, which, 
since the Grecian States were in the habit of ostracising their 
greatest and best public servants, has been proverbially the 
vice of Republics. 

The decease of Harrison after one month's service, made 
John Tyler President. He was made most keenly to feel that 
he owed his elevation to a sad dispensation of Providence, and 
continual contention with his old party associates rendered his 
term a very uncomfortable one ; besides he had set his heart on 
being elected to a second term, and in laboring to that end 
perhaps did not accomplish what he might have done other- 
wise. 

It really seemed that both he and Andrew Johnson, who 
succeeded to the Presidency after the foul murder of Mr. Lin- 
coln, and who, like Tyler, labored unceasingly to build up a 
party that would re-elect him — it seemed, we say, as if they 
both wondered why they were not nominated for the chief 



108 LIVES OF THE PBE8IDENTS, 

office in the first place, and were anxious to see the original 
mistake corrected by a direct election. 

Mr. Fillmore, who was another of the Presidents who ob- 
tained his honors by constitutional sanction, or accident, as 
the captious and censorious will insist, it is not ungenerous to 
say, was very much more fit to be President than was Gen. 
Taylor, whom he succeeded. It has never been charged, we 
believe, that he improperly used his official station to secure 
his re-election. 




III. 

We have thus briefly epitomized the Presidents from the 
adoption of the Constitution in 1788. President Grant, whose 
term expires in March, 1877, will, it is probable, remain in 
office until the close of the Centennial year. Have the mo- 
narchical rulers of Europe for the past century been personally 
as well qualified for their great offices ? Have they been equal 
in talents and morals to our Chief Magistrates ? The answer 
must be substantially in the negative. With the exception of 
two or three, our Presidents have been men of unquestioned 
talents, and all of them of unimpeachable personal character 
and private behavior. Washington, John Adams, Jefferson, 
Madison, and Jackson, would have ranked as eminent men in 
any age or in any country. The rest, or nearly all of them, 
were above the average, although it may be truly said that the 
nomination and election of more than half of them was ac- 
complished more nearly as you draw numbers in a lottery, than 
as induced by clear indications of fitness, or of a popular sense 
of their high deserts. 

It now becomes necessary for the purpose in view to resort 
to the catalogue of sovereigns in Europe about the period of 
1790, as quoted in the beginning of this paper, and extend the 
list down to the present time, in order to learn who were the 
contemporary rulers with our eighteen Presidents. 

The sovereigns of England for the century, beginning in 
1776, have been four: George III. (1760-1820); George IV. 

109 



XIO LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

(1820-1830); William IV. (1830-1837); Victoria (1837 
until the present time). George III., who commenced his 
reign in 1760, was said to have been a young prince of un- 
spotted reputation, who Byron said possessed 

'*That household virtue most uncommon," 
of constancy to a bad, ugly woman. He was religious, moral, 
and in the highest degree temperate, and was actually, without 
regard to Byron's sneer, a model of domestic virtue ; but his 
intellect, never vigorous, gave way in 1764. He had various 
returns of insanity until 1810, when he finally retired from all 
participation in the affairs of government, and George IV. was 
made Regent. 

In 1820 George IV. ascended the throne of England, and 
was, perhaps, the worst man that has ruled any Christian 
country during the century, and although it is said he egotisti- 
cally styled himself ''the first gentleman of England," and 
although when young was handsome and affable, he was 
utterly and in every way unprincipled, and a shameless 
debauchee. 

William IV. was a frank, harmless sort of a man, with tole- 
rable morals for a king, and with no ability to speak of. He 
was succeeded by Victoria, who still reigns, and whose example 
as a sovereign, and whose domestic virtues, entitle her to uni- 
versal respect. 

In France, Louis XVI. (1774-1793), ascended the throne in 
1774. He was a harmless man, and his fate was personally 
hard — but if the sins of his progenitors could have been fairly 
visited upon him, there were enough of them to make him 
liable for the terrible restitutions he had to make. Then fol- 
lowed Napoleon and his fellow Consuls, and Napoleon as 
Emperor (1793-1814). It is fair to presume that every one 
has his opinions about a character so prominent, and can com- 
pare him, for himself, with our Chief Magistrates. 

Napoleon I. was succeeded by Louis XVIII. (18 14-182 4), 
who was a man of fair abilities and considerable learning. 
Charles X. (1824-1830), succeeded his brother Louis XVIIL 



CONTEMPORA NEO US R ULERS. l\\ 

He was remarkable for nothing but his unbending devotion to 
the prerogatives of royalty, and to his proud and ancient 
family adherents who advised him so fatally. He was ousted 
by Louis Phillippe (i 830-1 848), who had been severely 
trained in trying vicissitudes, and who was certainly a respect- 
able sovereign and a man of exemplary private deportment. 
To him succeeded Napoleon III. (1848-18 70), who was a man 
of decided talents, who had been educated by others, and who 
had educated himself for a sovereign ruler. His ambition be- 
trayed him into crimes and excesses which were perpetrated 
against his political competitors ; but the masses of his coun- 
trymen had reason to be satisfied with his administration of 
affairs. Thiers and MacMahon can only be regarded as Pro- 
vincial Governors, whose terms were never expected to con- 
tinue long, and neither of whom can as yet be regarded as 
having a fixed status as rulers. The first is undoubtedly a 
statesman of many accomplishments; the last an equally 
accomplished soldier, who owes his elevation to that circum- 
stance alone. Leaving out the Directory and the Consuls, and 
including Thiers and MacMahon, France has had eight supreme 
rulers within the century, all of whom, excepting the three 
Bourbons, were remarkable men. 

Spain has been governed during the century by Charles IV. 
(i 788-1808), Joseph Bonaparte (1808-1813), Ferdinand VII. 
(181 3-1 833), and Isabella II. (i 833-1868). Since the con- 
strained abdication of Isabella II., in 1868, Spain has had no 
really fixed government, but continually changing from under 
provisional governments, mock-monarchies, and mock-repub- 
lics, in which Prim, Victor Amadeus, or more properly the 
Duke of Aosta, Castellar, Serranno, and others appear and 
disappear respectively, until now we have Alfonso XIL , son of 
Isabella, on the throne, having driven Don Carlos out of the 
country, but himself liable to be overthrown by some sudden 
revolution for which Spain has latterly become proverbial. 
Spain, if we except Alfonso, may be said to have had but four 
rulers during the century. 



112 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS, 

Charles and Ferdinand were remarkable only for their 
imbecility and their vices, and deserve no further comment. 
Joseph Bonaparte might have done very well if it had suited 
the English to let him alone. Isabella II. was compelled to 
abdicate on account of her shocking vices, and now lives in 
France. The mock-King Amadeus also retired in disgust 
after a short experience, and permitted the country to try 
conclusions between ultra-Republicanism and ultra-Legitimacy. 

Russia has had five sovereigns within the century. '' Old 
Catharine," as Mr. Jefferson calls her, was the first (1762- 
1796). She was followed by Paul I. (i 796-1801), who was 
murdered. He was succeeded by Alexander I. (1801-1825) ; 
he by Nicholas (1825-1855); and Nicholas by Alexander II. 
(1855 — still reigning). There seems to have been a vast 
improvement in the character of the Russian autocrats since 
Catharine and Paul. Their successors have been men of 
decent lives and respectable personal behavior — much better 
than the average of absolute monarchs. 

In Prussia (Germany), the greatest of the Fredericks, 
Frederick II. (i 740-1 786), reigned in 1776. His successors 
have been: Frederick William II. (i 786-1 797); Frederick 
William III. (i 797-1840); Frederick William IV. (1840- 
1861) ; and Wilhelm I. (1861 — still reigning). All of these 
have been distinguished by somewhat similar qualities — all 
being warlike, economical, and ruling with absolute military 
sway. The present Emperor is one of the same sort as his 
predecessors, but really only serves the purpose of a lay figure 
in Bismarck's play of absolutism. There has been no really 
brilliant man among them since Frederick the Great. 



IV. 



It may seem almost impossible to draw any parallel between 
the sovereigns here sketched and any of our Presidents — so 
different is the mode of rearing and educating hereditary rulers, 
and the different kind of education and experience on which 
our elective system compels us to depend. One thing, how- 
ever, is certain, the personal habits and characters of our 
Presidents contrast very favorably with those of their royal 
contemporaries. It would seem that continence was a virtue 
hardly expected among kings and emperors, and was not 
absolutely required of all the queens and empresses. 

Drunkenness and gluttony among male rulers was not rare, 
and '' Old Catharine " was celebrated for all kind of debauch- 
eries. It is manifest, however, that from some cause, perhaps 
the more precarious tenure of their power, they behave much 
better personally than they formerly did — their morals are 
evidently improving — and it may be hoped that those who are 
born to thrones may come to believe that they have a large 
responsibility, and that they must not deliver themselves over 
solely to physical indulgence, as was the fashion a hundred 
years ago. 

In reviewing the list of our Presidents, the first five : 
Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe, were 
chosen almost as a matter of course, and it is not likely that 
better selections could be made under any circumstances. 

Jackson and Harrison owed their elevation partly to their 

113 



114 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

military titles and achievements ; Taylor and Grant owed theirs 
entirely to their military reputations. The election of John 
Quincy Adams was brought about by a most unexpected 
coalition. Tyler and Fillmore came into power through the 
acts of Providence. Both of these were competent to 
fulfill the duties of their office. Johnson, too, reached the 
Presidency through the shocking crime of an assassin. He 
was not wholly the man for the crisis, although he might have 
done worse, as he certainly might have done better. 

The accidents attending nominating conventions conferred 
power upon Polk, Pierce, and Lincoln, to the exclusion of 
more eminent men, who seemed to be desired by the masses 
of the people, and designed as the best men for the office, and 
this is likely always to be the case as long as Conventions make 
nominations — for as already remarked, envy, jealousy, and 
expediency will almost always effect the defeat of the best and 
most eminent candidates. 

Van Buren and Buchanan had fair claims to their respective 
nominations and elections. They were competent, and each 
had supporters all over the Union. In selecting them no one 
was startled or mortified, as in the cases mentioned. 
• And on the whole we are bound to conclude that if we do 
not fare any worse in the selection of our Presidents for the 
next hundred years than we have for the past century of our 
existence, we shall have reason to be thankful, and continue a 
patriotic preference for our own before any other existing form 
of government. 

The line of Presidential and Vice-Presidential succession, 
with the cardinal historical points of the incmiibents of the 
office, may be epitomized. By the subjoined it will be seen 
that Virginia has furnished precisely one-third of our Presi- 
dents, and that all but two, Lincoln and Grant, were born 
within the limits of one of the Original Thirteen Colonies : — 



PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS. 
PRESIDENTS. 



115 



Washington, 

Adams. 

Jefferson 

Madison 

Monroe 

Adams. 

Jaclvson 

Van Buren . . 

Harrison 

Tyler 

PoJk 

Taylor 

Fillmore 

Pierce 

Buchanan . . , 

Lincoln 

Johnson 

Grant 



Feb. 

Oct. 

April 

M'ch 

April 

July 

M'ch 

Dec. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Jan. 

Nov. 

April 

Feb. 

Dec. 

April 



1732 
1785 
1743 
1751 

1758 



Dec. 
July 
July 
June 
July 



1767 Feb. 

1767 June 

1782Julv 

1773April 

] 790; Jan. 

1795JJune 

1784July 



14, 1799 
4, 1826 
4, 1826 

28, 1836 
4, 1831 

23, 1848 

8, 1845 

24, 1862 
4, 1841 

17, 1862 

15, 1849 

9, 1850 



1800 
1804 
1791 
1809 
1808 
1822 



March 8, 1874 
Oct. 8, 1869 
June 1, 1868 
April 15, 1865 
July 31, 1875 
In Office. 



Elect- 
ed. 


SERVED. 


Native 
of. 


1788 


Syrs. 


Va. 


1796 


4 yrs. 


Mass 


180) 


8yrs. 


Va. 


1808 


8 yrs. 


Va. 


1816 


8 yrs. 


Va 


1824 


4 yrs. 


Mass 


1828 


8 yrs. 


S. C. 


1836 


4 yrs. 


N.Y. 


1840 


1 month. 


Va. 


1840 


3y. 11 mo 


Va. 


1844 


4 vrs. 


N.C. 


1848 


1 y. 4 mo. 


Va. 


1848[2 y. 8 mo. 


N.Y. 


L-52 


4 yrs. 


N.H. 


1856 


4 yrs. 


Pa. 


I860i4 y. IK m 


K.y. 


1864 


Sy.lOi^m 


N.C. 


1868 




Ohio 



Va. 
Mass 

Va. 

Va. 

Va. 
Mass 
Ten. 
N.Y. 
Ohio 

Va. 
Ten. 

La. 
N.Y. 
N.H. 

Pa. 

ni. 

Ten. 
111. 



VICE-PRESIDENTS. 



Adams 

Jefferson 

Burr 

Clinton 

Gerry 

Tompkins , . . 

Calhoun 

Van Buren . . 

Johnson 

Tyler 

Dallas 

Fillmore 

King*. 

Breckinridge 

Hamlin 

Johnson 

Colfax 

Wilson 



DIED. 



Oct. 

April 

Feb. 

July 

July 

June 

M'ch 

Dec. 

Oct. 

M'ch 

July 

Jan. 

April 

Jan. 

Aug. 

Dec. 

M'ch 

Feb. 



19, 1735lJuly 4, 
2, 1743iJuly 4, 

6, 1756iSept. 14, 

26, 1739 April 20, 

17, 1744INOV. 23, 
21, 1774; June 11, 

18, 1782iM'ch 
5, 1782IJuly 

17, 1780|Nov. 
29, 1790 Jan. 
10, 1792 Dec. 

7, 18001 M'ch 
7, 17S6lApril 

21, 1821lMay 

27, 1809! Living, 
29, 1808' July 31, 
23, 1823: Living, 
16, 1812] Nov. 22, 



12, 
24, 
19, 
17, 
31, 
8, 
4, 
17, 



1826 
1826 
1836 
1812 
1814 
1825 
1850 
1862 
1850 
1862 
1864 
1874 
1853 
1875 
1876 
1875 
1876 
1875 



1788 
1796 
1800 
1804 
1812 
1816 
1824 
1832 
1836 
1840 
1844 
1848 
1852 
1856 
1860 
1864 
1868 
1872 



SERVED. N-JiveResld'd 



8 

4 
4 

7 
1 
8 
7 
4 
4 
1 
4 

ly. 

"'4 
4 

IK 

4 

2y. 



yrs. 
yrs. 
yrs. 
yrs. 

yr. 

yrs. 
yrs. 
yrs. 
yrs. 
mo. 
yrs. 
4 mo. 

yrs. 
yrs. 
mos. 
yrs. 
8 mo. 



Mass 

Va. 
N.Y. 
N.Y. 
Mass 
N.Y. 
S. C. 
N.Y. 

Ky. 

Va. 

Pa. 
N.Y. 
N.C. 

Ky. 

Me. 
N.C. 
N.Y. 
N.H. 



Mass 
Va. 
N.Y. 
N.Y. 
Mass 
N.Y. 
S. C. 
N.Y. 
Ky. 
Va. 
Pa. 
N.Y. 
Ten 
Ky. 
Me. 
Ten. 
Ind. 
Mass 



116 



LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS, 



Unlike the Presidents, but few of the Vice-Presidents came 
from Virginia — only two of the eighteen. Three — John 
Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Martin Van Buren, rose from 
the Vice-Presidency to the Presidency by election ; and three — 
John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, and Andrew Johnson, rose to 
the office through the death of the President. Four — George 
Clinton, Elbridge Gerry, William R. King, and Henry Wilson, 
died in office. One — John C. Calhoun, resigned in conse- 
quence of political disagreement with the President, Andrew 
Jackson. Two — Hanibal Hamlin and Schuyler Colfax are 
Still living. Not a single President except the present incum- 
bent, U. S. Grant, survives. 




To complete this branch of the record, we shall give, in 
tabulated form, beginning with the government under the Con- 
tinental Congress in 1776, the Presidents and the contempora- 
neous rulers in England, France, Spain, Prussia, and Russia, 
during each Presidential period, down to the present time. 
During the disturbed periods in France, and latterly in Spain, 
when there was no fixed government, for short periods the 
classification is not historically exact, but is nevertheless accu- 
rate enough for the object in view : — 
117 



118 



LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 




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VI. 



CABINET MINISTERS. 



Below is a complete list of the Cabinet Ministers, with the 
^^i of their appointments and commission to their respective 
jy^ tions, with biographical notes, except in a few cases where 
^l^j. data was unobtainable, or where the same is given 
ciac where: 

rat SECRETARIES OF STATE. 

Appointed. 

pt. 26, 1789. Thomas Jefferson, Virginia. 

.n. 2, 1794. Edmund Randolph, Va. ; b. Va., about 1743 ; d. isi:5. 
ec. 10, 1795. Timothy Pickering, Mass., b. Mass., July 17, 1746*, 

d. 1829. 
lay 13, 1800. John Marshall, Va. ; b. Va., Sept. 24, 1755; d. July, 
1835. 
^VTar. 5, 1801. James Madison, Virginia. 
Mar. 6, 1809. Robert Smith, Md. ; b. Md., 1757 ; d. 1842. 
April 2, 1811. James Monroe, Virginia. 
Mar. 5, 1817. John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts. 
Mar. 7, 1825. Henry Clay, Ky. ; b. Va., April 12, 1777 ; d. June 29, 

1852. 
Mar. 4, 1829. James A. Hamilton, New York {ad int.) 
Mar. 6, 1829. Martin Van Buren, New York. 
May 24, 1831. EdWard Livingston, La. ; b. New York, May 17 

1786 ; d. May 23, 1836. 
May 29, 1833. Louis McLane, Del. ; b. Del., May 17, 1786; d. Oct. 
1857. 

119 



120 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

June 27, J 834. John Forsyth, Ga. ; b. Va., 1780 ; d. 1841. 

Mar. 5, 1841. Daniel Webster, Mass. ; b. New Hampshire, Jan. 

18, 1782 ; d. Oct. 24, 1852. 
May 9, 1843. Hugh S. Legare, S. C. ; b. S. C, Jan. 2, 1797 ; d. June 

20, 1843. 
June 24, 1843. Abel P. Upshur, Va. ; b. Va., 1790 ; d. Feb. 28, 1844. 
Feb. 9, 1844. John Nelson, Md. {ad int.) 
Mar. 6, 1844. John C._ Calhoun, S. C. ; b. S. C, March 18, 1782 ; 

d. March 31, 1850. 
Mar. 6, 1845. James Buchanan, Pennsylvania. 
Mar. 7, 1849. John M. Clayton, Del.; b. Del., July 24, 1796; d. 

Nov. 9, 1856. 
July 20, 1850. Daniel Webster, Massachusetts. 
Sept. 2, 1852. Charles M. Conrad, La. {ad int.) ; b. Va., about 1804. 
Nov. 6, 1852. Edward Everett, Mass. ; b. Mass., April 11, 1794 ; d. 

Jan. 15, 1865. 
Mar. 3, 1853. Wm. Hunter, Rhode Island {ad int.) 
Mar. 7, 1853. Wm. L. Marcy, N. Y. ; b. Mass., 1786 ; d. July 4, 

1857. 
Mar. 6, 1857. Lewis Cass, Mich. ; b. N. H., Oct. 9, 1782; d. June 

17, 1866. 
Dec. 12, 1860. Wm. Hunter, R. I. {ad int.) 
Dec. 17, 1860. Jeremiah S. Black, Pa. ; b. Pa., Jan. 10, 1810. 
Mar. 5, 1861. Wm. H. Seward, N. Y. ; b. N. Y., May 16, 1801 ; d. 

Oct. 10, 1872. 
Mar. 5, 1869. Elihu B. Washburn, Illinois; b. Maine, 1816. 
Mar. 11, 1869. Hamilton Fish, N. Y. ; b. N. Y. City, 1809. 




SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY, 121 



SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. 

Appointed. 
Sept. 11, 1789. Alexander Hamilton, N. Y. ; b. Nevis, West I., Jan. 

11, 1757 ; d. July 12, 1804. 
Feb. 2, 1795. Oliver Wolcott, Conn. ; b. Conn., 1760 ; d. 1833. 
Jan. 1, 1801. Samuel Dexter, Mass. ; b. Mass., May 14, 1761; d. 

May 4, 1816. 
May 14, 1801. Albert Gallatin, Pa. ; b. Switzerland, Jan. 29, 1761 ; 

d. Aug. 12, 1849. 
Feb. 9, 1814. Geo. W. Campbell, Tenn. ; b. Tenn., 1786; d. Feb. 

17, 1848. 
Oct. 6, 1814. Alex. J. Dallas, Pa. ; b. Jamaica I., June 21, 1759 ; d. 

Jan. 16, 1817. 
Oct. 22, 1816. Wm. H. Crawford, Ga. ; b. Va., Feb. 21, 1772 ; d. 

Sept. 15, 1834. 
Mar. 7, 1825. Richard Rush, Pa. ; b. Phila., Dec. 24, 1745 ; d. April, 

1813. 
Mar. 6, 1829. Samuel D. Ingham, Pa.; b. Pa., Sept. 16, 1773; d. 

June 5, 1860. 
Aug. 8, 1831. Louis McLane, Delaware. 
May 29, 1833. Wm. J. Duane, Pa.; b. Ireland, 1780; d. Sept. 27, 

1865. 
Sept. 23, 1833. Roger B. Taney, Md. ; b. Md., March, 1777 ; d. Oct., 

1864. 
June 27, 1834. Levi Woodbury, N. H. ; b. N. H., Dec, 1789 : d. 

Sept., 1851. 
Mar. 5, 1841. Thomas Ewing, Ohio ; b. Va., Dec., 28, 1789 ; d. Oct. 

26, 1871. 
Sept. 13, 1841. Walter Forward, Pa.; b. Conn., 1786; d. Nov. 24, 

1852. 
Mar. 3, 1843. John C. Spencer, N. Y. ; b. N. Y., 1798 ; d. May, 1855. 
June 15, 1844. Geo. M. Bibb, Ky. ; b. Va., 1792; d. April 14, 1859. 
Mar. 6, 1845. Robert J. Walker, Miss.; b. Pa., 1801; d. Nov. 11, 

1869. 
Mar. 8, 1849. Wm. M. Meredith, Pa. ; b. Phila., June 8, 1799; d. 

Aug. 17, 1873. 
July 23, 1850. Thomas Corwin, Ohio; b. Ky., July 29, 1794; d. 

Dec. 18, 1865. 
Mar. 7, 1853. James Guthrie, Ky. ; b. Ky., Dec. 5, 1792; d. Mar. 

13, 1869. 
Mar. 6, 1857. Howell Cobb, Ga.; b. Ga., Sept. 7, 1815; d. Oct. 9, 

1868. 
Dec. 12, 1860. P. Frank Thomas, Md. ; b. Md., 1810. 
Jan. 11, 1861. John A. Dix, N. Y. ; b. N. H., July 24, 1798. 



122 

Mar. 7, 1861. 



LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 



Salmon P. Chase, Ohio ; b. N. H., Jan. 13, 1808 ; d. 
May 7, 1873. 
July 1, 1864. Wm. Pitt Fessenden, Me. ; b. N. H., Oct. 1806 ; d. 

Sept. 8, 1869. 
Mar. 7, 1865. Hugh McCuUoch, Indiana. 

Mar. 11, 1869. Geo. S. Boutwell, Mass. ; b. Mass., Jan. 28, 1818. 
Mar. 17, 1873. Wm. A. Richardson, Mass. 
June 4, 1874. Benj. H. Bristow, Kentucky. 




SECRETARIES OF WAR. 123 

SECRETARIES OF WAR. 

Appointed. 
Sept. 12, 1789. Henry Knox, Mass.; b. Boston, July 25, 1752; d. 

Oct. 1806. 
Jan. 2, 1795. Timothy Pickering, Mass. ; b. Mass., July 17, 1745; 

d. Jan., 1829. 
Jan. 27, 1796. James McHenry, Md. 
May 13, 1800. Samuel Dexter, Mass. 
Mar. 5, 1801. Henry Dearborn, Mass. ; b. N. H., Feb. 23, 1751 ; 

d. June 6, 1829. 
Mar. 7, 1809. William Eutis, Mass.; b. Mass., June 10, 1753; d. 

Feb. 6, 1825. 
Jan. 13, 1813. John Armstrong, Pa. ; b. Pa., Nov. 25, 1755 ; d. 

April 1, 1843. 
Sept. 27, 1814. James Monroe, Va. {ad int.) 
Mar. 3, 1815. Wm. H. Crawford, Ga. 
April 7, 1817. George Graham. 
Dec. 15, 1817. John C. Calhoun, S. C. 
Mar. 7, 1825. James Barbour, Va. ; b. Va., 1775 ; d. 1842. 
May 26, 1828. Peter B. Porter, Conn. ; b. Conn., 1773; d. 1844. 
Mar. 9, 1829. John H. Eaton, Tenn. ; b. Tenn., about 1790 ; d. 

Nov. 17, 1856. 
Aug. 1, 1831. Lewis Cass, Michigan. 
Oct. 26, 1836. Benj. F. Butler, New York. 
Mar. 7, 1837. Joel R. Poinsett, S. C. ; b. S. C, about 1785; d. 

1851. 
Mar. 5, 1841. John Bell, Tenn. ; b. Tenn., Feb., 15, 1797 ; d. Sept. 

10, 1869. 
Oct. 12, 1841. John C. Spencer, New York. 
Mar. 9, 1843. James M. Porter {ad int.) 

Feb. 15, 1844. Wm. Wilkins, Pa. ; b. Pa., 1779 ; d. June, 1865. 
Mar. 5, 1845. Wm. L. Marcy, New York. 
Mar. 6, 1849. Geo. W. Crawford, Ga. ; b. Ga., Dec. 22, 1798. 
July 15, 1850, Charles M. Conrad, Louisiana. 
Mar. 7, 1853. Jefterson Davis, Miss. ; b. Ky., June 3, 1808. 
Mar. 5, 1857. John B. Floyd, Va. ; b. Va., 1805; d. Aug. 26, 1863. 
Dec. 31, 1861. Joseph Holt, Ky. ; b. Ky., Jan. 6, 1807. 
Mar. 4, 1861. Simon Cameron, Pa. ; b. Pa., Mar. 17, 1799. 
Jan. 11, 1862. E. M. Stanton, Pa. ; b. Ohio, 1815; d. Dec, 1869. 
Aug. 12, 1867. U. S. Grant {ad int.) 

— 1868. E. M. Stanton, Pa. 
April 23, 1868. John M. Schofield, N. Y. ; b. N. Y., 1831. 
Mar. 11, 1869. John A. Rawlins, b. 111., 1831 ; d. Sept. 7, 1869. 
Sept. 6, 1869. Wm. T. Sherman, Ohio {ad int.); b. Lancaster, Ohio, 

Feb. 8, 1820. 
Oct. 3, 1869. W. W. Belknap, Iowa ; b. N. Y., Sept. 22, 1829. 
Mar. 7, 1876. Alfonso Taft, Ohio ; b. Vermont, Nov. 5, 1810. 



124 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY. 

Appointed. 
May 3, 1798. George Cabot, Mass. ; b. Mass., 1751 ; d. 1823. 
May 21, 1798. Benj. Stoddard, Md. 
July 15, 1801. Robert Smith, Maryland. 
Mar. 7, 1809. Paul Hamilton, S . C. ; b. about 1750 ; d. June SO, 

1816. 
Jan. 12, 1813. ' Wm. Jones, Pa., b. about 1760 ; d. 1831. 
Dec. 19, 1814. Benj. W. Crowninshield, Mass. ; b. Boston, 1777 ; d. 

1851. 
Nov.'9, 1818. Smith Thompson, N. Y. ; b. N. Y., 1767 ; d. 1843. 
Sept. 16, 1823. Samuel L. Southard, N. J. ; b. N. J., June, 1787 ; d. 

June, 1842. 
Mar. 9, 1829. John Branch, N. C. ; b. N. C, Nov. 4, 1782; d. Jan. 

4, 1863. 
May 23, 1831. Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire. 
June 30, 1834. Mahlon Dickerson, New Jersey; b. N. J. 1769; d. 

Oct. 5, 1853. 
June 25, 1838. James K. Paulding, N. Y. ; b. N. Y., Aug., 1779 ; d. 

1860. 
Mar. 5, 1841. Geo. E. Badger, N. C. ; b. N. C, April 13, 1795 ; d. 

May 11, 1866. 
Sept. 13, 1841. Abel P. Upshur, Va. ; b. Va., 1790 ; d. Feb. 28, 1844. 
July 24, 1843. David Henshaw, Mass. {ad. int.) ; b. Mass., April 

2, 1791 ; d. Nov. 11, 1852. 

Feb. 15, 1844. Thomas W. Gilmer, Va. ; b. Va., about 1795; d. 

Feb. 28, 1844. 
Mar. 14, 1844. John Y. Mason, Va. ; b. Va., April 18, 1799: d. Oct. 

3, 1859. 

Mar. 10, 1845. George Bancroft, Mass. ; b. Mass., Oct. 3, 1800. 

Sept. 9, 1846. John Y. Mason, Virginia. 

Mar. 8, 1849. Wm. B. Preston, Virginia.; b. Va., about 1796; d. 

Nov. 16, 1862. 
July 22, 1850. Wm. A. Graham. N. C. ; b. N. C, Sept. 11, 1804; d. 

Aug. 11, 1875. 
July 22, 1852. John P. Kennedy, Md. ; b. Md., Oct. 25, 1795; d. 

Aug. 18, 1870. 
Mar. 7, 1853. James C. Dobbin, N. 0. ; b. N. C, 1793 ; d. ]857. 
Mar. 6, 1857. Isaac Toucey, Conn.; b. Conn., 1798; d. July 30, 

1869. 
Mar. 5, 1861. Gideon Welles, Conn.; b. Hartford, 1802. 
Mar. 5, 1869. A. E. Borie, Pa. ; b. Philadelphia, 1809. 
June 25, 1869. Geo. M. Robeson, New Jersey. 



SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR. 125 



SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR. 

Appointed. 

Mar. 4, 1849. Thomas Ewing, Ohio. 

July 22, 1850. Alex. A. H. Stuart, Va. ; b. Va., 1801. 

Mar. 6, 1853. Robert McClelland, Mich., b. Pa., about 1812. 

Mar. 5, 1857. Jacob Thompson, N. C. ; b. N. C, 1810. 

Mar. 5, 1861. Caleb B. Smith, Ind. ; b. Mass., 1808 ; d. Jan., 1864. 

Jan. 8, 1863. John P. Usher. 

May 15, 1865. James Harlan, Iowa, b. 111., Aug. 26, 1820. 

Sept. 1, 1866. Orville H. Browning, 111 ; b. Ky., about 1810. 

Mar. 5, 1869. Jacob D. Cox, Ohio ; b. Montreal, Can., Oct. 27, 

1828. 

Nov. 1, 1870. Columbus Delano, Ohio ; b. Vermont, 1809. 

Oct. 19,^1875. Zachariah Chandler, Mich. ; b. N. H., Dec. 10, 1813. 




126 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. 

Appointed. 
Sept. 27, 1789. Edmund Randolph, Virginia. ^ 

Jan. 27, 1794. Wm. Bradford, Pa.; b. Phila., Sept. 14, 1755; d. 

Aug. 23, 1795. 
Dec. 10, 1795. Cliarles Lee, Va. ; b. Va., about 1756 ; d. 1815. 
Mar. 5, 1801. Levi Lincoln, Mass. ; b. Mass., 1749 ; d. 1820. 
May 4, 1805. Robert Smith, Md. 

Aug. 7, 1805. John Breckinridge, Ky. ; b Va., about 1750 ; d. 1806. 
Jan. 26, 1808. Caesar A. Rodney, Del.; b. Del., Jan. 4, 1772; d. 

June 10, 1824. 
Dec. 11, 1811. William Pinckney, Md., b. Md. March 17, 1765 ; d. 

Feb. 25, 1822. 
Feb. 10, 1814. Richard Rush, Pa. ; b. Phila., Dec. 24, 1745 ; d. April, 

1813. 
Dec. 16, 1817. Wm. Wirt, Md. ; b. Md., Nov., 1772 ; d. Feb., 1834. 
Mar. 9, 1829. John M. Berrien, Ga.; b. N. J., 1781; d. Jan. 1, 

1856. 
July 20, 1831. Roger B. Taney, Md. ; b. Md., Mar., 1777 ; d. Oct., 

1864. 
Nov. 15, 1833. Benj. F. Butler, N. Y. ; b. Albany, Dec. 5, 1795; d. 

Nov. 18, 1858. 
Sept. 1, 1838. Felix Grundy, Teun. ; b. Va., Sept. 11, 1777 ; d. Dec. 

17, 1840. 
Jan. 11, 1840. Henry D. Gilpin, Pa. ; b. Phila., 1801 ; d. 1860. 
Mar. 5, 1841. John J. Crittenden, Ky. ; b. Ky., Sept. 10, 1786 ; d. 

July 26, 1863. 
Sept. 13, 1841. Hugh S. Legare, South Carolina. 
July 1, 1843. John Nelson, Md., b. Md., about 1791. 
Mar. 6, 1845. John Y. Mason, Virginia. 
Oct. 17, 1846. Nathan Clifford, Me., b. N. H., Aug. 18, 1803. 
June 21, 1848. Isaac Toucey, Connecticut. 
Mar. 8, 1849. Reverdy Johnson, Md. ; b. Annapolis, May 2, 1797; 

d. Feb. 10, 1876. 
July 22, 1850. Jno. J. Crittenden, Kentucky. 
Mar. 5, 1853. Caleb Cushing, Mass. ; b. Mass., Jan. 17, 1800. 
Mar. 5, 1857. Jeremiah S. Black, Pennsylvania. 
Dec. 20, 1860. E. M. Stanton, Pennsylvania. 

Mar. 5, 1861. Edward Bates, Mo. ; b. Va., Sept. 4, 1793 ; d. Mar. 25, 
■^^ 1869. 

Dec. 2, 1864, James Speed, Kentucky. 

July 24, 1866. Henry Stanbery, Ohio. 

Mar. 3, 1868. O. H. Browning, Illinois. 

July 20, 1868. Wm. M. Evarts, N. Y. ; b. Boston, Feb., 1818. 

Mar. 5, 1869. E. Rockwood Hoar, Mass. ; b. Mass., Feb. 21, 1816. 

June 23, 1870. Amos T. Ackerman, Ga. ; b. N. H., 1813. 

Dec. 14, 1871. Geo. H. Williams, Oregon. 

May 15, 1875. Edwards Pierrepont, N. Y. 



POSTMASTERS-GENERAL, 127 

POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. 

Appointed. 
Sept. 26, 1789. Samuel Osgood, Mass. ; b. Mass., 1748; d. 1813. 
Nov. 7, 1791. Timothy Pickering, Massachusetts. 
Feb. 25, 1795. Joseph Habersham, Ga. ; b. Savamiab, 1756 ; d. 1815. 
Jan. 26, 1802. Gideon Granger, Conn. ; b. Conn., July 19, 1767; d. 

Dec. 31, 1822. 
Mar. 17, 1814. Return J. Meigs, Ohio ; b. about 1769 ; d. 1825. 
Dec. 9, 1823. John McLean, Ohio ; b. N. J., Mar. 1785; d. April, 

4, 1861. 
Mar. 9, 1829. Wm. T. Barry, Ky. ; b. Feb. 5, 1784; d. Aug. 30, 

1835. 
May 1, 1835. Amos Kendall, Ky. ; b. Mass., Aug. 16, 1789 ; d. 

Nov. 11, 1869. 
May 25, 1840. J. M. Niles, Conn. ; b. Conn., 1787 ; d. 1856. 
Mar. 6, 1841. Francis Granger, N. Y. ; b. Conn., Dec. 1, 1792 ; d. 

Aug. 28, 1868. 
Sept. 13, 1841. Chas. A. Wickiifife, Kentucky., b. Ky., June 8, 1788. 
Mar. 5, 1845. Cave Johnson, Tenn. ; b. Tenn., Jan. 11, 1773; d. 

Nov. 23, 1866. 
Mar. 7, 1849. Jacob Collamer, Vt. ; b. N. Y., 1782; d. Nov. 9, 

1865. 
July 20, 1850. Nathan K. Hall, N. Y. : b. N. Y., Mar. 28, 1810; d. 

Mar. 2, 1874. 
Sept. 14, 1852. Samuel D. Hubbard, Conn.; b. Conn., Aug. 10, 

1799 ; d. Oct. 8, 1855. 
Mar. 7, 1853. James Campbell, Pa. ; b. Philadelphia, 1813. 
Mar. 6, 1857. A. V. Brown, Tenn. ; b. S. C, 1813; d. 1859. 
Mar. 14. 1859. Joseph Holt, Kentucky. 
Feb. 12, 1861. Horatio King, Me. ; b. Me., June 21, 1811. 
Mar. 7, 1861. Montgomery Blair, Md. ; b. Ky., May 10, 1813. 
Oct. 1, 1S64. Wm. Dennison, Ohio; b. Cincinnati, Nov. 23, 1815. 

July 24, 1866. A. W. Randall, Wis. ; b. ; d. July 25, 1872. 

Mar. 5, 1869. John A. J. Creswell, Md. ; b. Md., Nov. 18, 1828. 

July 3, 1874. J. W. Marshall, Va. 

Sept. 1, 1874. Marshall Jewell, Conn. ; b. N. H., Mar. 20, 1825. 



128 



LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS, 



CHIEF JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT. 

Appointed. 
Sept. 26, 1789. John Jay, N. Y. ; b. N. Y., Dec. 12, 1745 ; d. May 

17, 1829. 
July, 1795. John Rutledge, S. C. ; b. Charleston, 1739 ; d. July, 

1800. 
Dec. 1795. Oliver Ellsworth, Conn. ; b. Conn., April 29, 1745 ; 

d. 1807. 
Jan. 31, 1801. John Marshall, Va. ; b. Sept. 24, 1755 ; d. July, 

1835. 
Mar. 1836. Roger B. Taney, Md.; b. Md., Mar. 1777; d. Oct., 

' .1864. 

Oct. 1864. Salmon P. Chase, Ohio: b. N. H., Jan. 13, 1808; 

d. May 7, 1873. 
Jan. 19, 1874. Morrison R. Waite, Ohio ; b. Conn., 1816. 




JPItESIDENTS OF CONTINENTAL CON GUESS. 129 



PRESIDENTS OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 

Elected. 
Sept. 5, 1774. Peyton Randolph, Va. ; b. Va., 1723 ; d. Oct., 1775. 
Oct. 22, 1774. Henry Middleton, S. C. 
May 10, 1775. Peyton Randolph, Virginia. 
May 24, 1775. John Hancock, Mass. ; b. Mass., Jan. 12, 1737 ; d. 

Oct., 1793. 
Nov. 1, 1777. Henry Laurens, S. C. ; b. S. C, 1724; d. 1792. 
Dec. 10, 1778. John Jay, N. Y. ; b. N. Y., Dec. 12, 1745 ; d. May 17, 

1829. 
Sept. 28, 1779. Samuel Huntington, Conn.; b. Conn., 1732; d. 

1796. 
July 10, 1781. Thos. McKean, Del.; b. Pa., Mar. 19, 1734; d. 

June 24, 1817. 
Nov. 5, 1781. ^ John Hanson, Md. 
Nov. 4, 1782. Elias Budinot, N. J. 

Nov. 3, 1783. Thomas Mifflin, Pa. ; b. Phila., 1744; d. 1800. 
Nov. 30, 1784. Richard Henry Lee, Va. ; b. Va., Jan. 20, 1732 ; 

d. June 19, 1794. 
June 6, 1786. Nathaniel Gorham, Mass. 

Feb. 2, 1787. Authur St. Clair, Pa. ; b. Scotland, 1735; d. 1818. 
Jan. 22, 1788. Cyrus Griffin, Va. ; b. Va., 1749 ; d. Dec. 14, 1810. 




VII. 



SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION. 



The following are the distinguished patriots who signed the 
Declaration of Independence, which was proclaimed to the 
world on the 4th day of July, 1776, and which will ever be 
commemorated as the birthday of the Republic. It will be 
seen that Benjamin Franklin, of Pennsylvania, was the oldest 
man that signed the document, being seventy years of age, 
while the youngest was Ed.Rutledge, of South Carolina, who 
was but twenty-five. The former survived the utterance of 
the Declaration fourteen years, and the latter twenty-five years, 
the former living to see the government successfully established. 
The first signer that died was John Morton, of Pennsylvania, 
in April, 1777, nine months subsequent to attaching his signa- 
ture to the credentials of human liberty ; and the last survivor 
of the immortal band was Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, who 
died on the 14th of November, 1832, fifty-six years, four 
months, and ten days after the Declaration was promulgated, 
and when the new nation had grown to be one of the powers 
of the earth : 



Bepresented. 



Nativity. 



Died. 



Adams, John 

Adams, Samuel.. 
Bartlett, Joseph.. 
Braxton, Carter. . 

Carroll, Chas 

Chase, Samuel.. . 



Massachusetts.. . 

Do do 

New Hampshire, 

Virginia 

Maryland 

Do 



Mass. Oct. 19, 1735 
Mass. Sep. 27, 1732 
Mass. Nov. 1729 
Va. Sept. 10, 1736 
Md. Sept. 20, 1737 
Md. Apr. 17, 1726 

130 



July 4, 1826. 
Oct. 2, 1803. 
May 19, 1795. 
Oct. 10, 1797. 
Nov. 14, 1832. 
June 19, 1811. 



SIGN:EIiiS OF THE DECLARA TION. 
SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION. 



131 



Represented. 



Clark, Abraham, 

Clyiner, Geo 

EUery, Wm 

Floyd, Wm 

Franklin, Benj . . 
Gerry, Elbridge . 
Gwinnett, Button 

Hall, Lyman 

Hancock, John , . 
Harrison, Benj . . 

Hart, John 

Hey wood, T. Jr., 
Hewes, Joseph . . 
Hooper, Wm ... 
Hopkins, Steph'n 
Hopkinson, Fra's 
Huntington, S. . . 
Jetierson, Thos. . 
Lee, Fra's L'tfoot 
Lee, Rich. Henry 
Lewis, Francis . . 
Livingston, Phil. 
Lynch, Thos. Jr., 
McKean, Thos.. . 
Middleton, Arth. 
Morris, Lewis . . . 
Morris, Robert.. . 

Morton, John 

Nelson, Thos. Jr., 
Paca, William . . . 
Paine, Robert J.. 

Penn, John 

Read, George 

Rodney, Csesar . . 

Ross, George 

Rush, Benj. M.D. 
Rutledge, Ed . . . 
Sherman, Roger, 
Smith, James . . 
Stockton, Rich . . 
Stone, Thomas . . 
Taylor, George . . 
Thornton, Matt. . 
Walton, George. . 
Whipple, Wm... 
Williams, Wm . . 
Wilson, James . . 
Witherspoon, J. . 
Walcott, Oliver. . 
Wythe, George. . 



New Jersey 

Pennsylvania . . . 
Rhode Island . . . 

New York 

Pennsylvania . . . 
Massachusetts... 

Georgia 

Georgia 

Massachusetts . . . 

Virginia 

New Jersey 

Soutii Carolina. . 
North Carolina. . 
North Carolina. . 
Rhode Island . . . 

New Jersey 

Connecticut 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Virginia 

New York 

New York 

South Carolina. . 

Delaware 

South Carolina. . 

New York 

Pennsylvania . . . 
Pennsylvania . . . 

Virginia 

Maryland 

Massachusetts.. . 
North Carolina. . 

Delaware 

Delaware 

Pennsylvania . . . 
Pennsylvania . . . 
South Carolina. . 

Connecticut 

Pennsylvania . . . 

New Jersey 

Maryland 

Pennsylvania . . . 
New Hampshire, 

Georgia .' 

New Hampshire, 

Connecticut 

Pennsylvania .. . 

New Jersey 

Connecticut 

Virginia 



Nativity. 



Died. 



N. J. Feb. 15, 1741 

Pa. 1739 

R. I. Dec. 22, 1727 
N.Y.Dec. 17, 1734 
Mass. Jan 17, 1706 
Mass. July 17,1744 
England, 1732 
Conn., 1737 

Mass., 1737 

Virginia, 
N. J., 1715 

S. C, 1746 

N. J., 1730 

Mass June 17,1742 
Mass. Mar. 7, 1707| 
Pa., 1737 

Conn. July 3, 1732 
Va., Apr. 13, 1743 
Va., Oct. 14, 1734 
Va., Jan. 20, 1732 
Wales, Mar., 1713 
N. Y.Jan. 15,1716 
S. C. Aug. 5, 1749 
Pa., Mar. 19, 1734' 
S. C, 1743 

N. Y., 1726 

England, 1733 
Pa., 1724 

Va., Dec. 26, 1738 
Md., Oct. 31, 1740 
Mass., 1731 

Va., May 17, 1741 
Md., 1734 

Del., 1730 

Del., 1730 

Pa., Dec. 24, 1745 
S. C, Nov. 1749 
Mass. Apr.l9, 1721 
Ireland, 

N. J., Oct. 1, 1730 
Md., 1742 

Ireland, 1716 

Ireland, 1714 

Va., 1740| 

Me., 1730 

Conn, Apr. 8, 1731 
Scotland, 1742 
" Feb. 5, 1726 
Conn Nov 26, 1726 
Va., 1726 



Sept., 3794, 
Jan. 23, 1813. 
Feb. 15, 1820. 
Aug. 4, 1821. 
Apr. 17, 1790. 
Nov. 23, 1814. 
Mav 27, 1777. 
Feb., 1790. 
Oct. 8, 1793. 

1791. 

1780. 

March, 1809. 
Nov. 10, 1779. 
Oct., 1790. 
July 13, 1785. 
Mav 9, 1790. 
Jan. 5, 1796. 
Julv 4, 1826. 
April, 1797. 
June 19, 1794. 
Dec. 30, 1803. 
June 12, 1778. 
At sea, 1779. 
June 24, 1817. 
Jan. 1, 1787. 
Jan. 22, 1798. 
Mar. 8, 1806. 
April, 1777. 
Jan. 4, 1789. 

1799. 

May 11, 1804. 
Oct. 26, 1809. 
1798. 

1783. 

July, 1779. 
Apr. 19, 1813. 
Jan. 23, 1800. 
July 23, 1793. 
July 11, 1806. 
Feb. 28, 1781. 
Oct. 5, 1787. 
Feb. 23, 1781. 
June 24, 1803. 
Feb. 2, 1804. 
Nov. 28, 1785. 
Aug. 2, 1811. 
Aug. 28, 1798. 
Nov. 15, 1794. 
Dec. 1, 1797. 
June 8, 1806. 



= ^~»p ^tm\IHH''9i- JAi ^^m£i— ^>Jjv^^^Bifc>^^'t 



VIII. 



FIRST AND FORTY-FOURTH CONGRESSES. 



The following comprise the names of the members of the 
First and Forty-fourth Congresses as constituted during the first 
sessions of each of these bodies. Rhode Island was not repre- 
sented in either branch of the First Congress, nor until 1790, 
when the Second Congress assembled. North Carolina was 
not represented in the House until 1790. 

FIEST CONGRESS. 

SENATORS. 



CONNECTICUT. 

Oliver Ellsworth, 
Wm. S. Johnson. 

DELAWARE. 

Richard Bassett, 
George Read. 

GEORGIA. 

Wm. Few, 
James Gunn. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Tristram Dalton, 
Cable Strong. 

MARYLAND. 

Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, 
John Henry. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

Benj. Hawkins, 
Samuel Johnson. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

John Langdon, 
Paine Wingate. 

NEW JERSEY. 

Wm. Patterson, 
Jonathan Elmer. 

NEW YORK. 

Rufus'King, 
Philip Schuyler. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Wm. Maclay, 
Robert Morris. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Pierce Butler, 
Ralph Izard. 

VIRGINIA. 

Rjchard Henry Lee, 
Wm. Grayson. 

132 



FIRST CONGRESS. 



133 



REPRESENTATIVES. 



CONNECTICUT. 

B. Huntington, 
Roger Sherman, 
Jonathan Stiirges, 
Johnathan Trumbull, 
Jere. Wadsworth. 

DELAWABE. 

John Vining. 

GEORGIA. 

A. Baldwin, 
James Jackson, 
George Mathews. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Fisher Ames, 
Elbridge Gerry, 
Benjamin Goodhue, 
Jonathan Grant, 
George Leonard, 
George Partridge, 
T. Sedgwick, 
George Thacher. 

MARYLAND. 

Daniel Carroll, 
Benjamin Contee, 
George Gale, 
Joshua Seney, 
Wm. Smith, 
Micheal Stone. 

NEW YORK. 

Egbert Benson, 
William Floyd, 
John Hathorne, 
John Lawrence, 
Peter Silvester, 
J. Van Rensselear. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Abdiel Foster, 
Nicholas Gilman, 
S. Livei'more. 

NEW JERSEY. 

Elias Budinot, 
Lambert Cadwallader, 
James Schureman, 
Thos. Siunickson. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

George Clymer, 
T. Fitzsimmons, 
Thomas Hartley, 
Daniel Heister, 
F. A. Muhlenberg, 
Thomas Scott, 
Henry Wynkoop. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Edamus Burke, 
Daniel Huger, 
William Smith, 
Thomas Sumter, 
Thomas T. Tucker. 

VIRGINIA. 

Theodore Bland, 
John Browne, 
Isaac Coles, 
Samuel Griffin, 
Richard B. Lee, 
James Madison, 
Andrew Moore, 
John Page, 
Josiah Parker, 
Alex. White. 



134 



LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS, 



FORTY-FOURTH CONGRESS. 



SENATORS. 



ALABAMA. 

George Goldthwaite, 
George E. Spencer. 

ARKANSAS. 

Powell Clayton, 
Stephen W. Dorsey. 

CAIilFOBNIA. 

Aaron A. Sargeant, 
Newton Booth. 

CONNECTICUT. 

James E. English, 
William W. Eaton. 

DELAWARE. 

Eli Saulsbury, 
Thomas F. Bayard. 

FLORIDA. 

Simon B. Conover, 
Charles W. Jones. 

GEORGIA. 

Thomas M. Norwood, 
John B. Gordon. 

ILLINOIS. 

John A. Logan, 
Richard J. Oglesby. 

INDIANA. 

Oliver P. Morton, 
Jos. E. McDonald. 

IOWA. 

George G. Wright, 
William B. Allison. 

KANSAS. 

James M. Harvey, 
John J. Ingalls. 

KENTUCKY. 

John W. Stevenson, 
Thorhas C. McCreery. 

LOUISIANA. 

J. Rodman West, 



Lot M. Morrill, 
Hannibal Hamlin. 

MARYLAND. 

George R. Pennis, 
W. Pinckney Whyte. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

George S. Boutwell, 
Henry L. Dawes. 

MICHIGAN. 

Thomas W. Ferry, 
Isaac P. Christiancy. 

MINNESOTA. 

William Windom, 
S. J. R. McMillan. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

James L. Alcorn, 
Branch K. Bruce (col'd). 

MISSOURI. 

Louis V. Bogy, 
F. M. Cockerell. 

NEBRASKA. 

P. W. Hitchcock, 
A. S. Paddock. 

NEVADA. 

John P. Jones, 
William Sharon. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Aaron H. Cragin, 
Bainbridge Wadliegh. 

NEW JERSEY. 

F. T. Frelinghuysen, 
Theo. F. Randolph. 

NEV/ YORK. 

Roscoe Conkling, 
Francis Kernan. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

M. W. Ransom, 
A. S. Merrimon. 



FOBTY-FOUBTH CONGRESS, 



135 



OHIO. 

John Sherman, 
A. G. Thurman. 

OREGON. 

James K. Kelly, 
J. Hippie Mitchell. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Simon Cameron, 
William A. Wallace. 

RHODE ISLAND. 

Henry B. Anthony, 
A. E. Burnside. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Thomas J. Robertson, 
John J. Patterson. 

TENNESSEE. 

Henry Cooper, 
David M. Key. 



TEXAS. 

M. C. Hamilton, 
Samuel B. Maxey. 

VERMONT. 

Justin S. Morrill, 
George F. Edmunds. 

VIRGINIA. 

John W. Johnson, 
Robert E. Withers. 

WEST VIRGINIA, 

Henry G. Davis, 
Allen J. Caperton. 

WISCONSIN. 

Timothy O. Howe, 
Angus Cameron. 



REPRESENTATIVES. 



ALABAMA. 

J. Harolson (col'd), 
Jere. N. Williams, 
Saul Bradford, 
Charles Hayes, 
J. H. Caldwell, 
Goldsmith W. Hewitt, 
Burwell B. Lewis, 
W. H. Forney. 

ARKANSAS. 

L. C. Gause, 
W. F. Slemons, 
William W. Wiltshire, 
Thomas M. Gunter. 

CALIFORNIA. 

William A. Piper, 
Horace F. Page, 
John K/Lutterell, 
P. D. Wigginton. 

CONNECTICUT. 

George M. Landers, 
James Phelps, 
H. W. Starkweather (dead), 
William H. Barnum. 

DELAWARK. 

James Williams. 

FLORIDA. 

William J. Purman, 
Josiah T. Walls (col'd). 



GEORGIA. 

Julian Hartridge, 
William E. Smith, 
Philip Cook, 
Henry R. Harris, 
Milton A. Candler, 
James H. Blount, 
William F. Filton, 
Alexander H. Stephens, 
Benj. A. Hill. 

ILLINOIS. 

B. G. Caul field, 

C. H. Harrison, 
C. B. Farwell, 
S. A. Hurlburt, 
H. C. Burchard, 
T. J. Henderson, 
Alexander Campbell, 
G. L. Fort, 

R. H. Whiting, 
John C. Bayley, 
Scott Wike, 
William M. Springer, 
A. E. Stevenson, 
Joseph G. Cannon, 
John R. Eden, 
William A. J. Sparks, 
William R. Morrison, 
William Hartzell, 
William B. Anderson. 



136 



LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 



INDIANA. 



B. S. Fnller, 
J. D. Williams, 
M. C. Kerr, 
Jeptha D. New, 
William S. Holman, 
M. S. Robinson, 
r. Landers, 
Morton C. Hunter, 
Thomas J. Cason, 
W. S. Haymond, 
James L. Evans, 
Andrew Hamilton, 
J. H. Baker. 



George W. McCrary, 
John Q. Tufts, 
L. L. Ainsworth, 
Henry O. Pratt, 
James Wilson, 
E. S. Sampson, 
John A. Kassan, 
J. W. McDill, 
Addison Oliver. 

KANSAS. 

William A. Phillips, 
J. R. Goodin, 
William R. Brown. 

KENTUCKY. 

A. R. Boone, 
John Y. Brown, 
C. W. Milliken, 
J. Proctor Knott, 
E. Y. Parsons, 
Thomas L. Jones, 
J. C. S. Blackburn, 
M. J. Durham, 
John D. White, 
John B. Clarke. 

LOUISIANA. 

R. L». Gibson, 

E. J. Ellis, 

C. B. Darrall, 

William M. Levy, 

Frank Morey, 

Charles E. Nash (colored). 



John H. Burleigh, 
William P. Frye, 
James G. Blaine, 
H. M. Plaisted, 
Eugene Hale. 



MARYLAND, 

P. F. Thomas, 
C. B. Roberts, 
William J. O'Brien, 
Thomas Swann, 
Eli J. Henkle, 
William Walsh. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

William W. Crapo, 

B. W. Harris, 
Henry L. Pierce, 
Rufus S. Frost, 
N. P. Banks, 

C. P. Thompson, 
John K. Tarbox, 
William W. Warren, 
George F. Hoar, 
Julius H. Seelye, 

C. W. Chapin. 

MICHIGAN. 

A. S. Williams, 
Henry Waldron, 
George Willard, 
Allen Potter, 
William B. Williams, 
George H. Durand, 
O. D. Conger, 
N. B. Bradley, 
J. A. Hubbell. 

MINNESOTA. 

M. H. Bunnell, 
H. B. Strait, 
William S. King. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

L. Q. C. Lamar, 
G. Wiley Wells, 
H. D. Money, 

0. R. Single'^ton, 
C. E. Hooker, 

J, R. Lynch (col'd). 

MISSOURI. 

E. C. Kehr, 
Erastus Wells, 
W^illiam H. Stone, 
R. A. Hatcher, 
Richard P. Bland, 
C. H. Morgan, 

1. F. Phillips, 
B. J. Franklin, 
David Rea, 
Regin A. De Bolt, 
J. B. Clark, Jr., 
J. M. Glover, 

A. H. Buckner. 



FORTY-FOURTH CONGRESS. 



137 



NEBRASKA. 

Lorenao Crounse. 

NEVADA. 

William Woodburn. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Frank Jones, 
Samuel N. Bell, 
Henry W. Blair. 

NEW JERSEY. 

C. H. Sinnickson, 
S. A. Dobbins, 
Miles Ross, 
Robert Hamilton, 
A. W. Cutler, 
#. H. Teese, 
A. A. Hardenbergh. 

NEW YORK. 

H. B. Metcalfe, 
J. G. Schumaker, 
S. B. Chittenden, 
A. M. Bliss, 
E. R. Meade, 
Samuel S. Cox, 
Smith Ely, Jr., 
Elijah Ward, 
Fernando Wood, 
A. S. Hewitt, 
Benjamin A. Willis, 
N. Holmes Odell, 
J. O. Whitehouse, 
George M. Beebe, 
J. H. Bagley, Jr., 
C. H. Adams, 
M. I. Townsend, 
A. Williams, 
William A. Wheeler, 
H. H. Hathorn, 
S. F. Miller, 
George A. Bagley, 
Scott Lord, 
William H. Baker, 
E. W. Leavenworth, 
C. D. MacDougall, 
E. G. Lapham, 
Thomas C. Flatt, 
C. B. Walker, 
John M. Davy, 
George G. Hoskins, 
Lyman K. Bass, 
N. I. Norton. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

Jesse J. Yeates, 

John A. Hvman Ccol'd), 

A. M. Wad^dell, 



NORTH CAROLINA— Con^mwed. 
J. J. Davis, 
A. M. Scales, 
Thos. Ashe, 
William M. Robbins, 
R. B, Vance. 

OHIO. 

Milton Sayler, 
H. B. Banning, 
John S. Savage, 
J. A. McMahon, 
A. V. Rice, 
F. H. Hurd, 
L. T. Neal, 
William Lawrence, 

E. F. Poppleton, 
Charles Foster, 
John L. Vance, 
A. T. Walling, 
M. I. Southard, 
J. P. Cowan, 

N. H. Van Vorhes, 
Lorenzo Danford, 
L. D. Woodworth, 
James Monroe, 
J. A. Garfield, 
Henry B. Payne. 

OREGO>-. 

Lafayette Lane. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

C. Freeman, 
Charles O'Niell, 
S. J. Randall, 
W. D. Kelloy, 
John Robbins, 
Washington Townsend, 
Alon Wood, Jr., 
Heister Clymer, 
A. Herr Smith, 
William Mutchler, 

F. D. Collins, 
W. W. Ketchem, 
J. B. Rielly, 

J. B. Packer, 
Joseph Powell, 
Sobieski Ross, 
John Rielly, 
William S. Stenger, 
Levi Maish, 
Louis A. Mackey, 
Jacob Turney, 
J. H. Hopkins, 
Alexander G. Cochran, 
J. W. Wallace, 
George A. Jenks, 
James Sheakley, 
A. G. Ei^bert. 



188 



LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS, 



RHODE ISLAND. 

Benjamin T. Eames, 
L. W. Ballou. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

J. H. Rainey (col'd), 
E. W. M. Mackey, 
Soloman L. Hoge, 
Alexander S. Wallace, 
Robert Smalls (col'd). 

TENNESSEE. 

William McFarland, 
J. M. Thornburgh, 
George B. Dibrell, 
J. Y. Riddle, 
John F. House, 
Washington C. Whitthorne, 
J. D. C. Atkins, 
W. P. Caldwell, 
H. Casey Young. 



J. H. Reagan, 
D. B. Culbertson, 
J. W. Throckmorton, 
R. Q. Mills, 
John Hancock, 
Gus. Schleicher. 



VERMONT. 

Charles H. Joyce, 
Dudley C. Uenison, 
George W. Hendee. 

VIRGINIA. 

Beverly B. Douglas, 
John Goode, Jr., 
G. C. Walker, 
W. H. H. Stowell, 
George C. Cabell, 
J. R. Tucker, 
John T. Harris, 
Eppa Hunton, 
William Terry. 

WEST VIRGINIA. 

Benjamin Wilson, 
Charles J. Faulkner, 
Frank Hereford. 

WISCONSIN. 

Charles G. Williams, 
L. B. Caswell, 
Henry S. Magoon, 
William Pitt Lynda, 
S. D. Burchard, 
A. M. Kimball, 
Jere. M. Rusk, 
George W. Cate. 



TERRITORIAL DELEGATES. 



ARIZONA. 

Hiram S. Stevens. 

COLORADO. 

Thomas M. Patterson. 

DAKOTA. 

Jeflf. P. Kidder. 

IDAHO. 

Thomas W. Bennett. 

MONTANA. 

Martin Maginnis. 



NEW MEXICO. 

Stephen B. Elkins. 

UTAH. 

George Q. Cannon. 

WASHINGTON. 

Orange Jacobs. 

WYOMING. 

William R. Steele. 



SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE. I39 

SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE. * 



The following is the official list of the Speakers of the House 
of Representatives, with the date of their respective elections, 
term of service, and the States they represented when chosen 
as Speakers : 

First— Fredrick. A. Muhlenberg, Pennsylvania, April 1, 1789, to 

March 3, 1791. 
Second — Johnathan Trumbull, Connecticut, October 24, 1791, to 

March 3, 1793. 
T/iirrf— Fredrick A. Muhlenberg, Pennsylvania, December 2, 1793, 

to March 3, 1795. 
Fourth— ^Johnathan Dayton, New Jersey, December 9, 1795, to 
Fifth— \ March 3, 1799. 

Sixth— T'heo&ore Sedgwick, Massachusetts, December 2, 1799, to 
March 3, 1801. 

^^^^h!^h~ I Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina, December 7, 1801, to 
§fnth~S March 3, 1807. 

Tenth — ) Joseph B. Varnam, Massachusetts, October 26, 1807, to 

Eleventh— S March 3, 1811. 

Twelfth— 1 

Thirteenth — ( 

Fourtee7ith— } Henry Clay, Kentucky, Nov. 4, 1811, to Mar. 3, 1821. 

Fifteenth — 

Sixteenth — j 

Seventeenth— FhiWp P. Barbour, Virginia, December 3, 1821, to 

March 3, 1823. 
Eighteenth— Henry Clav, Kentucky, December 1, 1823, to March 3, 

1825. 
Nineteenth — John W. Tavlor, New York, December 5, 1825, to 

March 3, 1827. 

Trventieth — ") Andrew Stephenson, Virginia, December 3, 1827, 

Twenty-first— ! to June 3, 1834. 

Twenty-second — [John Bell, Tennessee, balance of session from 

Twenty-third- J June 4, 1834, to March 3, 1835. 

Twenty-fourth — > James K. Polk, Tennessee, December 7, 1835, to 

Twenty-fifth— \ March 3, 1839. 

Twenty-sixth— KohQxl M. T. Hunter, Virginia, December 16, 1839, to 

March 3, 1841, 
Twenty-seventh— John White, Kentucky, May 31, 1841, to March 3, 

1843. 
Twenty-eighth— John W. Jones, Virginia, December 4, 1843, to 

March 3, 1845. 
Twenty-ninth — John W. Davis, Indiana, December 4, 1845, to 

March 3, 1847. 



140 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

Thirtieth — Robert C Winthrop, Massachusetts, December 16, 1847, 

to March 3, 1849. 
Thirty-first — Howell Cobb, Georgia, December 24, 1849, to March 

3, 1851. 
Thirty-second — \ Lynn Boyd, Kentucky, December 4, 1851, to 
Thirty-third— S March 3, 1855. 
Thirty-fourth— ^&ih2in\e\ P. Banks, Massachusetts, February 2, 

1856, to March 3, 1857. 
Thirty-fifth— James L. Orr, South Carolina, December 5, 1857, to 

March 3, 1859. 
Thirty-sixth — William Pennington, New Jersey, February 1, 1860, 

to March 3, 1861. 
Thirty-seventh — Galusha A. Grow, Pennsylyania, July-4, 1861, to 

March 3, 1863. 
Thirty-eighth — ") Schuyler Colfax, Indiana, December 7, 1863, to 
Thirty-yiinth— [ March 2, 1869. 
Fortieth— fTheo. M. Pomeroy, New York, served from March 

} 2 to March 3, 1869. 
Forty-first — ^ 

Forty-second — V James G. Blaine, Me., Mar. 4, 1869, to Mar. 3, 1875. 
Forty-third — ) 

Forty-fourth — Michael C. Kerr, Indiana, December 6, 1875, terra 
unexpired. 




PRESIDENTS PRO TEM, OF THE SENA TE. 



141 



PRESIDENTS PRO TEM. OF THE SENATE. 



1st Cong., 
2d " \ 

3d » S 

4th " \ 

5th " <! 



6th " 

7th ♦' 

8th " 
9th " 
10th « 

11th " 

12th " 

13th " 
14th " 

15th " 

16th " J 
17th " 



John Langdon, N. H. 
Richard Henry Lee, Va. 
John tiangdon, N. H. 
Ralph Izard, S. C. 
Henry Tazewell, Va. 
Sam'l Livermore, N. H. 
Wni. Bingham, Pa. 
Wm. Bradford, R. I. 
Jacob Read, S. C. 
Theo. Sedgwick, Mass. 
John Lawrence, N. Y. 
James Ross, Pa. 
Sam'l Livermore, N. H, 
Uriah Tracy, Conn. 
John E. Howard, Md. 
James Hillhouse, Conn, 
Abraham Baldwin, Ga, 
Stephen R. Bradley, Vt. 
John Browne, Ky. 
Jesse Franklin, N. C. 
Jos. Anderson, Tenn. 
Samuel Smith, Md. 
Samuel Smith, Md. 
Stephen R. Bradley, Vt 
John Mil ledge, Ga. 
Andrew Gregg, Pa. 
John Galliard, S. C. 
John Pope, Ky. 
Wm. H. Crawford, Ga. 
Jos. B. Varnum, Mass. 
John Galliard, S. C. 
John Galliard, S. C. 
John Galliard, S. C. 
James Barbour, Va. 
James Barbour, Va. 
John Galliard, S. C. 
John Galliard, S. C. 



ISthCong, 
19th " 

20th " j 

21st " 

22d " \ 
23d " \ 



24th 


(( 


25th 


u 


26th 


(( 


27th 


u 


28th 


(( 


29th 


(( 


30th 


(( 


31st 


u 


32d 


(( 


33d 


i( 


34th 


(( 


35th 


u 


36th 


(( 


37th 


<( 


38th 


t( 


39th 


u 


40th 


(( 


41st 


(< 


42d 


(( 


43d 


(( 


44th 


ii 



John Galliard, S. C. 
Nathaniel Macon, N. C. 
Nathaniel Macon, N. C. 
Samuel Smith, Md. 
Samuel Smith, Md. 
Littleton W. Tazewell, 

Va. 
Hugh L. White, Tenn. 
Geo. Poindexter, Miss. 
John Tyler, Va. 
William R. King, Ala. 
William R. King, Ala. 
William R. King, Ala. 
Sam'l L. Southard, N.J. 
Willie P. Mangum, N.C. 
David R. Atchison, Mo. 
David R. Atchison, Mo. 
William R. King, Ala. 
William R. King, Ala. 
David R. Atchison, Mo. 
Jesse D. Bright, Ind. 
Benj. Fitzpatrick, Ala. 
Jesse D. Bright, Ind. 
Solomon Foot, Vt. 
Solomon Foot, Vt. 
Solomon Foot, Vt. 
Daniel Clark, N. H. 
Lafayette S. Foster, Ct. 
Benjamin Wade, Ohio. 
Henry B. Anthony, R.I. 
Henry B. Anthon3% R.I. 

Henry B. Anthon3% R.I. 
Matt.'^Carpenter, Wis. 

Thos. W. Ferry, Mich. 



IX. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPEiNDENCE. 



In Congress, July 4, 1776. 

THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES 
OF AMERICA. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary tbi 
one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected 
them withanother, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, 
the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and 
nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of man- 
kind requires that they should declare the causes which impel 
them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident— that all men are created 
equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain un- 
alienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pur- 
suit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are 
instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent 
of the governed ; that whenever any form of government becomes 
destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to 
abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation 
on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form as to 
them shall seem most likely to affect their safety and happiness. 
Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long established 
should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accord- 
ingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed 
to sutler, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by 
abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a 
long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same 
object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, 

142 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. I43 

it is their riglit, it is their dutj'^, to throw off such government, and 
to provide new guards for their future security. Sucli has been the 
patient sufferance of these Colonies, and such is now the necessity 
which constrains them to alter their former sj'stenis of government. 
The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of re- 
peated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the es- 
tablishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove 
this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and neces- 
sary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and 
pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation, till his 
assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly 
neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for 
the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people 
would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature— a 
right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, un- 
comfortable, and distant from the repository of their public records, 
for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his 
measures. 

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for op- 
posing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the 
people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause 
others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of 
annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exer- 
cise, the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dan- 
gers of invasion from without, and convulsions from within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for 
that purpose obstructing the laws of naturalization of foreigners; 
refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and 
raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his 
assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure 
of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new oflQces, and sent hither 
swarms of officers, to harass our people, and eat out their sub- 
stance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, with- 
out the consent of our Legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and 
superior to, the civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction fo- 



144 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

reign to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving 
his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any 
murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these 
States : 

For cutting ofl' our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing on us taxes without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended 
ofiences : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring 
Province, establisliing therein an arbitrary government, and en- 
larging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and 
fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these 
colonies. 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, 
and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments: 

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves 
invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his 
protection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, 
and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercena- 
ries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, al- 
ready begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy, scarcely 
paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the 
head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high 
seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners 
of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has en- 
deavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless 
Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished 
destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for re- 
dress in the most humble terms : our repeated petitions have been 
answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is 
thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be 
the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. 
We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their 
Legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We 
have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 145 

settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and 
magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our com 
mon kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably 
interrupt our connexions and correspondence. They too have been 
deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, there- 
fore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, 
and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind — enemies in war, 
in peace friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of 
America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme 
Judge of the world, for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the 
name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, 
solemnly publish and declare, that these United Colonies are, and 
of right ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are 
absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all 
political cormexion between them and the State of Great Britain is, 
and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and indepen- 
dent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, 
contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and 
things which independent States may of right do. And for the 
support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection 
of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, 
our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 




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X 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[Became operative the first Wednesday in March, 1789.] 

PREAMBLE. 

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more 
perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, pro- 
vide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and se- 
cure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and posterity, do ordain 
and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE I. 

liEGISLATIVE POWER, 

Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested 
in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate 
and House of Representatives. 

Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of 
members chosen every second year by the people of the several 
States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications 
requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State 
Legislature. 

No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained 
to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of 
the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabi- 
tant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the 
several States which maybe included within this Union, according 
to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding 
to the whole number of free i>ersons, including those bound to 

146 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 147 

servicj for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, 
three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall 
be made within three years after the first meeting of tiie Congress 
of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten 
years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of 
Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, 
but each State shall have at least one Representative; and, until 
such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire 
shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island 
and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five. New York six, 
J^ew Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, 
Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia 
three. 

When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, 
the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill 
such vacancies. 

The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and 
other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two 
Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for 
six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of 
the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into 
three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be 
vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at 
the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the ex- 
piration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every 
second j'ear; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, 
during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the executive 
thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting 
of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 

No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the 
age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that 
State for which he shall be chosen. 

The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the 
Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and have a President 
vro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he 
shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. 
When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. 
When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice 
shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted without the con- 
currence of two-thirds of the members present. 



148 LIVES OF THE PBE^SIDEl^TS. 

Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further 
than to removal from office, and disqualitication to hold and enjoy 
any office of honor, trust, or proht, under the United States; but 
the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to in- 
dictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law. 

Sec. 4. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for 
Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by 
the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by 
law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of 
choosing Senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such 
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they 
shall by law appoint a different day. 

Skc. 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, 
and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall 
constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may 
adjourn fioin day to day, and may be authorized to compel the at- 
tendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such 
penalties, as each House may provide. 

Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish 
its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of 
two-thirds, expel a member. 

Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from 
time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in 
their judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the 
members of eitJier House on any question shall, at the desire of 
one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 

Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without 
the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to 
any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 

Sec. 6. The Senators and Ilepre«entatives shall receive a com- 
pensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out 
of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, 
except treason, felonj^, and breach of the peace, be privileged from 
arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective 
Houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any 
speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in 
any other place. 

No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which 
he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority 
of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emolu- 
ments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and 
no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a 
niemDer of either House during his continuance in office. 

Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. I49 

of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with 
amendments as on other bills. 

Everj^ bill which shall have ]3assed the House of Representatives 
and the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the 
President of the United States ; if he approves he shall sign it, but 
if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which 
it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on 
their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such recon- 
sideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it 
shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by 
which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two- 
thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases 
the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and naj's, and 
the names of the persons voting for or against the bill shall be 
entered on the journal of each House respectively. If 2Lny bill shall 
not be returned by the President within ten days (Sunday ex- 
cepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall 
be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress 
by their adjournment prevent its return, in Avhich case it shall not 
be a law. 

Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on 
a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of 
the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be 
approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed 
by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, accord- 
ing to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

POWERS OF CONGRESS. 

Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, 
duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the 
common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all 
duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United 
States ; 

To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the seve- 
ral States, and with the Indian tribes; 

To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws 
on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; 

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, 
and fix the standard of weights and measures; 

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities 
and current coin of the United States; 

To establish post-offices and post-roads; 

To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing 



X50 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive rights to 
their respective writings and discoveries; 

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; 

To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high 
seas, and offences against the law of nations; 

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make 
rules concerning captures on land and water; 

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to 
that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 

To provide and maintain a navy; 

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
naval forces ; 

To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; 

To provide for organizing, arming,and disciplining the militia,and 
for governing such part of them as maybe employed in the service 
of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the ap- 
pointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia 
according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 

To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over 
such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by ces- 
sion of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become 
the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise 
like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Le- 
gislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of 
forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings; 
and 

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carry- 
ing into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers 
vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, 
or in any department ©r officer thereof. 

LIMITATION OF THE POWERS OF CONGRESS. 

Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of 
the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be 
prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight 
hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such im- 
portation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 

The privilege of the writ of habeas co?7>^t5 shall not be suspended, 
unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may 
require it. 

No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 

No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in propor- 
tion to the census .or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be 
taken. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 151 

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 

No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or 
revenue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall 
vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or 
pay duties in another. 

No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence 
of appropriations made by Jaw ; and a regular statement and account 
of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be pub- 
lished from time to time. 

No title of nobility shall be granted bj' the United States; and no 
person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, with- 
out the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, 
office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or for- 
eign State. 

LIMITATION OF THE POWERS OP THE INDIVIDUAL. STATES. 

Sec. 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or con- 
federation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; 
emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a ten- 
der in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto 
law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title 
of nobility. 

No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any im- 
posts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be abso- 
lutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the net pro- 
duce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or 
exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States; 
and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the 
Congress. 

No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of 
tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war, in time of peace, enter into 
any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign 
power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such immi- 
nent danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

EXECUTIVE POWERS. 

Sec. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the 
United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term 
of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the 
same term, be elected as follows: 

Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature 
thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole num- 
ber of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be 
entitled in the Congress ; but no Senator or Representative, or per- 



152 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

son holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, 
shall be appointed an elector. 

The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by bal- 
lot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant 
with the same State as themselves. And they shall make a list of 
all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; 
which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the 
seat of the government of the United States, directed to the Presi- 
dent of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the pre- 
sence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the 
certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person hav- 
ing the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such 
number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; 
and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have 
an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall 
immediately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no 
person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the 
said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in 
choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the rep- 
resentation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this 
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of 
the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a 
choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person 
having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the 
Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have 
equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice- 
President. 

The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, 
and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall 
be the same throughout the United States. 

No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United 
States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be 
eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eli- 
gible to that office who shall not have attained the age of thirty- 
flve years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United 
States. 

In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his 
death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties 
of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, 
and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, 
death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice- 
President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and 
such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, 
or a President shall be elected. 

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 153 

compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished 
during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he 
shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the 
United States or any of them. 

Before h<^ enter on the execution of his office he shall take the 
following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) 
that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United 
States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and 
defend the Constitution of the United States." 

Sec. 2. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the army 
and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several 
States when called into the actual service of the United States ; he 
may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each 
of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the 
duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant 
reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except 
in cases of impeachment. 

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds o» the Senators 
present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice 
and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public 
ministers and consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other 
officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein 
otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; 
but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior 
officers as tliey think proper, in the President alone, in the courts 
of law, or in the heads of departments. 

The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may 
happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissiftns 
which shall expire at the end of their next session. 

Sec. 3. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress informa- 
tion of the state of the Union, and recommend to their considera- 
tion such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he 
may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either 
of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect 
to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as 
he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other 
public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully exe- 
cuted, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. 

Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office, on impeachment for, 
and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and mis- 
demeanors. 



154 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

ARTICLE III. 

OF THE JUDICIARY. 

Sec. I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested 
in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress 
may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of 
the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during 
good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services 
a compensation which shall not be diminished during their con- 
tinuance in office. 

Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and 
equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United 
States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their 
authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public minis- 
ters and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdic- 
tion; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; 
to controversies between two or more States; between a State and 
citizens of another State ; between citizens of different States; be- 
tween citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of 
different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and 
foreign States, citizens, or subjects. 

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and 
consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme 
Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before 
mentioned, the Supreme Court shall, have appellate jurisdiction, 
both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regu- 
lations as the Congress shall make. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by 
jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes 
shall have been committed ; but when not committed in any State, 
the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by 
law have directed. 

Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in 
levymiz war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving 
them aid and comfort. 

No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony 
of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open 
court. 

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of 
treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, 
or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 
Sec. 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the 
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. 
And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 155 

which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the 
effect thereof. 

Sec. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privi- 
leges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 

A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other 
crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, 
shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from 
which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having 
jurisdiction of the crime. 

No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws 
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or 
regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but 
shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service 
or labor may be due. 

Sec. 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this 
Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected with the juris- 
diction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the junc- 
tion of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent 
of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the 
Congress. 

The Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all need- 
ful rules and regulations respecting the territory, or other property 
belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution 
shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United 
States, or of any particular State. 

Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this 
Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of 
them against invasion ; and, on application of the Legislature, or 
of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), 
against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, wheneve'r two-thirds of both Houses shall deem 
it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution; or, 
on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several 
States, shall call a Convention for proposing amendments, which, 
in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of 
this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislature of three-fourths 
of the several States, or by Conventions in three-fourths thereof, 
as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by 
Congress; provided, that no amendment which may be made 
prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall 
in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth Sec- 
tion of the first Article ; and that no State, without its consent 
shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 



156 LIVES OF THE FBESIDENTS. 

ARTICLE VI. 

All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the 
adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United 
States under this Constitution as under the Confederation. 

This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall 
be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or whicli 
shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be 
the supreme law of the land ; and the Judges in every State shall 
be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any 
State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the 
members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and 
judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several 
States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Con- 
stitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualitica- 
tion to any office, or public trust, under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

The ratifications of the Conventions of nine States shall be suf- 
ficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the 
States so ratifying the same. 

Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States 
present, the seventeenth day of September, in the 3'ear of our 
Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the 
Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In wit- 
ness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
• President, and Deputy from Virgi7iia. 

New Hampshire — John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. Massachu- 
«er/6' — Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King. Connectictd — V\ iWmva 
Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman. New York — Alexander Hamil- 
ton. Neiv Jersey — William Livingston, David Brearley, William 
Patterson, Jonathan Daj'-ton. Pennsylvania — Benjamin Franklin, 
Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsim- 
inons, Jared Ingersoll, James V/ilson, Gouverneur Morris. Dela- 
ware— G^qox^q Reed, Gunning Bedford, Jr., John Dickinson, 
Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom. 3/a?-2/Za7i(:Z— James M'Henry, 
Daniel of St. Tho. Jenifer, Daniel Carroll. Virginia^ Zc>\\x^. Blair, 
James Madison, Jr. North Carolina— WiWinva. Blount, Richard 
Dobbs Spaigbt, Hugh Williamson. South Carolina— John Rut- 
ledge, Clias. Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce 
Butler. Georgia — William Few, Abraham Baldwin. 

Attest. WiLi.TAM Jackson, Secretary. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. - 15 7 

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

[The first ten amendments were proposed by Congress at their 
first session, in 1789. The eleventh was proposed in 179-i, and the 
twelfth in 1803.] 

ARTICLE I. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the 
freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people 
peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a 
redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II. 
A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free 
State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be 
infringed. 

ARTICLE III. 
No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house 
without the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war. but in 
a manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, 
shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon 
probable cause, supported \)Y oath or affirmation, and particularly 
describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be 
seized. 

ARTICLE V. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise 
infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand 
Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the 
militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; 
nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be put twice 
in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any 
criminal case, to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of 
life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor shall 
private property be taken for public use without just vH)mpensa- 
tion. 

ARTICLE VI. 

In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to 
a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and 
district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which dis- 
trict shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be in- 



158 LIVES OF THE TRESIDENT8. 

formed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted 
with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for 
obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of coun- 
sel for his defence. 

ARTICLE VII. 
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall 
exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserv- 
ed ; and no fact tried by jury shall be otherwise re-examined in 
any Court of the United States than according to the rules of the 
common law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive tines impos- 
ed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 
The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not 
be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

ARTICLE X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitu- 
tion, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States 
respectively or to the people. 

ARTICLE ^I. 
The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed 
to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted 
against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by 
citizens or subjects of another State, or by citizens or subjects of 
any foreign State. 

ARTICLE XII. 

ELECTION OF PRESIDENT. 

The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by 
ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall 
not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they 
shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and 
in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President ; and they 
shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President and 
of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of 
votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit 
sealed to the seat of the Government of the United States, direct- 
ed to the President of the Senate ; the President of the Senate 
shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the 
person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be 



CONiSTITUTION OF THE UNITED ST A TE8. 159 

the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number 
of electors appointed ; and if no person have such a majority, then 
from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, 
on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Pvcpresen- 
tatives shall choose immediately by ballot the President. But in 
choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by States, the rep- 
resentatives from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this 
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of 
the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a 
choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a 
President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, 
before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-Presi- 
dent shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other Con- 
stitutional disability of the President. 

The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-Presi- 
dent shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of 
the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have a 
majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Sen- 
ate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall 
consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a ma- 
jority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 

But no person Constitutionally ineligible to the office of Presi- 
dent shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United 
8tates. 

[Ratified in. 1865.] 
ARTICLE XIII. 

Sec. 1. Neither Slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly con- 
victed, shall exist within the United States, or anyplace subject to 
their jurisdiction. 

Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by ap- 
propriate legislation. 

[Ratified in 1868.] 
ARTICLE XIV. 

Sec. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and 
subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, 
and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or en- 
force any law which shall abridge the privileges and immunities 
of citizens of the United States. Nor shall any State deprive any 
person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, 
nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection 
of the laws. 

Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several 
States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole 



160 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS, 

number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed ; but 
whenever the right to vote at any election for electors of President 
and Vice-President, or United States Representatives in Congress, 
executive and judicial officers, or the members of the Legislature 
thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, 
being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, 
or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or 
other crimes, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced 
in the pro^jortion which the number of such male citizens shall 
bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of 
age in that State. 

Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Con- 
gress, elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, 
civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, 
having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as 
an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legis- 
lature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to 
support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged 
in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or com- 
fort to the enemies thereof; but Congress may, by a vote of two- 
thirds of each House, remove such disability. 

Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States 
authorized by law, including debts incurred for the payment of 
pensions and bounties for service in suppressing insurrection or 
rebellion, shall not be questioned ; but neither the United States 
nor any State shall assume to pay any debt or obligation incurred 
in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or 
any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave, but all such 
debts, obligations and claims shall be illegal and void. 

Sec. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate 
legislation, the provisions of this article. 

[Ratified in 1870.] 
ARTICLE XV. 

Sec. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall 
not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, 
on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by 
appropriate legislation. 



H 136 B3 




FEB 83 

N. MANCHESTER, 
INDIANA 46962 



